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Human Nutrition > Chapter 12 - Fat Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

essential organic compounds needed in small amounts

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2
Q

Are vitamins a source of energy?

A

NO

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3
Q

Vitamins needed for what?

A

energy metabolism
growth
development
maintenance

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4
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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5
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in what?

A

organic solvents

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6
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B-vitamins

Vitamin C

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7
Q

What are the sources of fat-soluble vitamins?

A

plant and/or animal depending on the vitamins

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8
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed with what?

A

dietary fats

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9
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins rely on what?

A

bile

pancreatic juices

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10
Q

% of fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

40-90% under optimal conditions

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11
Q

Water-soluble vitamins not dependent on what?

A

dietary fats

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12
Q

% of water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

90-100%

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13
Q

Water-soluble vitamin absorption occurs where?

A

small intestine

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14
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins must be efficiently absorbed where?

A

small intestine

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15
Q

If absorption is decreased, what must happen?

A

more must be consumed

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16
Q

Fat-soluble issues?

A

GI tract disease

Pancreatic disease

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17
Q

What may lead to malabsorption of some B-vitamins?

A

alcohol abuse

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18
Q

Examples of vitamin absorbency diseases?

A

cystic fibrosis

crohns

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19
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are delivered with what?

A

dietary fats

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20
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are delivered in what?

A

chylomicrons

lipoproteins

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21
Q

What remnants contain fat-soluble vitamins?

A

chylomicron

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22
Q

What repackages these vitamins to transport to cells in the body?

A

liver

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23
Q

If not put into blood transport, what happens to these vitamins?

A

stored in liver or adipose tissue

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24
Q

Water-soluble vitamins are delivered where?

A

directly to bloodstream and distributed

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25
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored where with the exception of what?

A

liver and adipose tissue

Vitamin K

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26
Q

Are fat-soluble vitamins readily excreted from the body?

A

NO

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27
Q

Describe the stores of water-soluble vitamins.

A

limited stores except B-12 and B-6

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28
Q

Are water-soluble vitamins readily excreted from the body?

A

yes

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29
Q

How often should water-soluble vitamins be consumed?

A

daily

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30
Q

Retinoids

A

preformed vitamin A compounds

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31
Q

Carotenoids

A

plants contain pro-vitamins to vitamin A

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32
Q

Where are retinoids found?

A 
liver
fish
fish oils
fortified milk
eggs
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33
Q

Where are carotenoids found?

A

dark-green and yellow-orange veggies and fruit

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34
Q

70% of vitamin A in North America comes from what?

A

animal sources

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35
Q

Dietary vitamin A activity is expressed how?

A

Retinal Activity Equivalents (RAE)

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36
Q

Key functions of vitamin A

A

growth and development
immune function
cell differentiation
vision

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37
Q

During growth and development, what does vitamin A lend to?

A

eyes, limbs, cardiovascular system, nervous system

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38
Q

Vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy?

A

birth defects

infant mortality

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39
Q

How does vitamin A contribute to the immune system?

A

helps maintain epithelium, which is the barrier that protects the body against entry of pathogens

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40
Q

Is vitamin A deficiency common in North America?

A

no, it is rare

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41
Q

Is vitamin A deficiency common in developing countries?

42
Q

Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of what?

A

nonaccidental blindness

43
Q

What eye diseases could result from a vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness
Bitot’s spots
Keratomalacia
Xerophthalmia

44
Q

How does a lack of vitamin A create night blindness?

A

retina regenerates rhodopsin more slowly

45
Q

Bitot’s spots

A

gray spots caused by hardened epithelial cells

46
Q

Keratomalacia

A

softening of the cornea

47
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

sequence of changes in the eye, resulting in blindness

48
Q

What skin disease could result from a vitamin A deficiency

A

follicular hyperkeratosis

49
Q

Follicular hyperkeratosis

A

hardened keratin replaces mucous-forming epithelia

50
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

long-term supplement use at 5 to 10 times RDA for retinoids

51
Q

What is the UL for retinol?

A

3000 mg/day

52
Q

Is there a UL for carotenoids?

53
Q

What are the three kinds of vitamin A toxicity?

A

acute
chronic
teratogenic

54
Q

Acute vitamin A toxicity

A

caused by one large does in a day or several large doses over a few days

55
Q

Chronic vitamin A toxicity

A

symptoms occur with repeated intakes of 10x RDA

56
Q

Teratogenic vitamin A toxicity

A

can cause spontaneous abortions and birth defects

57
Q

Why is vitamin D the “sunshine vitamin”?

A

presence of sunlight allows cells to synthesize vitamin D from a cholesterol derivative

58
Q

Why are there strict limitations on the categories of foods that can be fortified with vitamin D?

A

toxic at high levels

59
Q

What foods contain vitamin D2?

A

fatty fish
cod liver oil
fortified milk
fortified breakfast cereals

60
Q

Calcitrol

A

helps maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorous, which maintains bone health

61
Q

When calcium is low, what does vitamin D do?

A

increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorous

62
Q

When blood calcium levels are low, what does vitamin D do to bones?

A

releases calcium and phosphorous from bone to restore blood levels

63
Q

When vitamin D is deficient, what happens to calcium?

A

dietary calcium cannot be absorbed efficiently, which can cause problems with bone mineralization and structure

64
Q

What is the vitamin D deficiency found in children?

65
Q

What is the vitamin D deficiency found in adults?

A

Osteomalacia

66
Q

Oversupplementation of vitamin D can cause what?

A
  • high blood and urine calcium concentrations
  • depositing of calcium in blood vessels and kidneys
  • cardiovascular damage and possibly death
67
Q

What happens during chemical reduction?

A

gain of electrons

68
Q

What happens during chemical oxidation?

A

loss of electrons

69
Q

What part of a REDOX reaction is dangerous?

70
Q

What is a free radical?

A

substance that causes oxidation to happen

71
Q

ROS

A

reactive oxygen species

72
Q

What do ROS’s do?

A

attack and snatch energy from other cells to satisfy themselves

73
Q

Why is the formation of free radicals dangerous?

A

causes chain effect of cellular damage

once one is oxidized because of a free radical, it’ll go in search of its own electron

74
Q

What natural processes in the body form free radicals?

A

metabolism

inflammation

75
Q

What causes exaggerated formation of free radicals?

A

UV light exposure
ionizing radiation
smoking
air pollution

76
Q

What do antioxidant vitamins do?

A

donate electrons to free radicals

77
Q

What must happen to antioxidants to be used again?

A

must be “recharged”

78
Q

Vitamin E is known as what?

A

amphipathic

79
Q

Amphipathic

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

80
Q

Active form of vitamin E

A

alpha-tocopherol

81
Q

What is the activity level of other forms of vitamin E?

82
Q

Where is vitamin E stored in the body?

A

adipose tissue

83
Q

Absorption of vitamin E depends on what?

A

normal fat absorption

84
Q

Once absorbed, what happens to vitamin E?

A

incorporated into chylomicrons

85
Q

Good sources of vitamin E include?

A

anything plant based and oily

86
Q

Vitamin E is highly susceptible to what

A

destruction by oxygen, metals, light, and heat

87
Q

Is vitamin E an antioxidant?

88
Q

What is vitamin E “recharged” by?

89
Q

Vitamin E can only attach to a free radical once unless?

A

free radical is removed by vitamin c

90
Q

Is toxicity and deficiency of vitamin E common?

A

no, least toxic fat soluble vitamin

91
Q

Two types of vitamin K

A

phylloquinone

menaquinones

92
Q

Phylloquinone

A

from plants

most biologically active

93
Q

Menaquinone

A

fish oils and meats

synthesized by bacteria in colon

94
Q

Function of vitamin K

A

synthesis of blood clotting factors

preprothrombin —– prothrombin

95
Q

% of vitamin K from gut flora?

96
Q

Location of absorption for vitamin K?

A

large intestine

97
Q

Food sources of vitamin K?

A 
green leafies
broccoli
peas
green beans
vegetable oils
98
Q

Vitamin K deficiency can cause?

A

uncontrolled blood loss

99
Q

What can cause a secondary deficiency of vitamin K?

A

antibiotics

100
Q

Who receives a vitamin K supplement and why?

A

newborns

gut is sterile

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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