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Human Nutrition > Chapter 14 - Water and Major Minerals > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Water and Major Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of water in body?

A
  • solvent
  • transports stuff
  • lubricates and protects
  • regulates body temperature
  • plays in metabolic reactions (hydrolysis and dehydration)
  • maintains acid-base balance
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2
Q

How much of us is water?

A

60-70%

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3
Q

Who (males or females) has more? Why?

A

males, because they have more lean muscle

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4
Q

Age – who has more?

A

elderly- less, we dry out

infants - most

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5
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

fluid inside cells

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

outside cell but not in vessel

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7
Q

Intravascular fluid

A

in vessel but not in cell

plasma

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8
Q

Fluid in ICF and ECF contain what?

A

solutes

electrolytes, salts, ions

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9
Q

Cations and anions of ICF?

A

cation - potassium, magnesium

anion - phosphate

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10
Q

Cations and anions of ECF?

A

cation - sodium

anion - chloride

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11
Q

Water follows ___ and moves via ___

A

electrolytes

osmosis

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12
Q

Water needs vary with what?

A

body size
physical activity
environmental conditions
dietary intake

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13
Q

AI of water?

A

1/2 body weight in oz
15 cups for men
11 cups for women

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14
Q

Water needs are met when?

A

when water inputs and outputs are balanced

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15
Q

Where else do we get water from?

A

food

cellular respiration

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16
Q

How much water does the combo of food and cellular respiration yield?

A

2.5 L per day

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17
Q

Dehydration

A

inadequate water levels

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18
Q

Why is it easy to become dehydrated?

A

insensible losses

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19
Q

Insensible losses

A

water loss that we are not aware of

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20
Q

Is urination an insensible loss?

A

no

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of dehydration?

A 
dry mouth and skin
fatigue
muscle weakness
decreased urine output
concentrated urine
headache
dizziness
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22
Q

Who is most at risk of dehydration?

A

sick children
elderly
athletes
people who work outside in warm and humid conditions

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23
Q

What controls thirst?

A

mouth
hypothalamus
nerve and hormone control

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24
Q

What is ADH triggered by?

A
  • high particle concentrations in blood
  • hypothalamus recognizes this
  • hypothalamus triggers pituitary to release ADH
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25
Q

What does ADH do?

A

causes kidneys to absorb water preventing losses

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26
Q

Where do we most of our sodium from?

A

sodium-containing food additives and food processing

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27
Q

What gets rid of sodium for us?

A

kidneys

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28
Q

Hypernatremia can cause what?

A

hypertension

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29
Q

Who is at risk for hypernatremia?

A

elderly

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30
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low blood sodium

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31
Q

What can cause hyponatremia?

A

GI tract illnesses

water intoxication

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32
Q

Who is at risk for hyponatremia?

A

athletes

infants

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33
Q

How does sodium relate to the small intestine?

A

helps absorb glucose and some amino acids here

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34
Q

How does sodium relate to nerves and muscles?

A

required for normal nerve and muscle function

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35
Q

Normal nerve and muscle function relies on what?

A

electrical charge created by the shift of sodium and potassium across cell membrane

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36
Q

Where is the net negative charge typically found?

A

inside cells

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37
Q

How does sodium aid in water balance?

A

when sodium levels are high, water is retained until levels go down

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38
Q

What is the UL for sodium?

A

2300 mg/day

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39
Q

% of U.S. adults that consume more than AI?

A

90%

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40
Q

Excess sodium leads to increased risk of…

A

hypertension
heart disease
stroke

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41
Q

What leads to more calcium output in urine?

A

greater than 2g/day of sodium

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42
Q

Blood volume

A

amount of fluid in the blood

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43
Q

How does high blood volume affect blood pressure?

A

increases blood pressure

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44
Q

Renin is released from what organ for what purpose?

A

released by kidneys

reabsorb sodium

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45
Q

What is the purpose of renin related to blood volume/pressure and hormones?

A

renin restores blood volume/pressure

starts activation of other hormones like aldosterone

46
Q

Where is angiotensinogen made?

A

protein made in the liver

47
Q

Where does the conversion to angiotensis II occur?

A

in blood stream

48
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

powerful vasoconstrictor

49
Q

What does angiotensin II trigger?

A

triggers production of aldosterone

50
Q

What does aldosterone signal?

A

kidneys to retain sodium in order to retain water

51
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

adrenal glands

52
Q

Where is potassium found?

A

many unprocessed foods

53
Q

Most adults need to do what to their potassium intake?

A

increase it

54
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A
  • major cation in cells
  • same functions as sodium
  • may also reduce effects of high salt intake
55
Q

How does potassium reduce the effects of high salt intake?

A
  • suppresses renin-angiotensin system
  • promotes secretion of sodium and water
  • keeps blood pressure normal
56
Q

What are the causes of electrolyte deficiency?

A
  • heavy sweating
  • chronic diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • kidney disorders
57
Q

What are the symptoms of electrolyte deficiency?

A
  • acid/base imbalance
  • muscle cramps
  • confusion
  • constipation
  • irregular heartbeat
  • sudden death
58
Q

What is the overall definition of a mineral?

A

essential, inorganic elements needed in small amounts for function, growth, and maintenance of tissues

59
Q

What is a major mineral?

A

need 100 mg or more daily

found in larger quantities in body

60
Q

What source of minerals are the richest and have the best bioavailability?

A

animal sources

61
Q

The quality of minerals is influenced by what?

A

agricultural practices and food processing

the more refined, the less minerals

62
Q

Other than bioavailibility, what else influences if a mineral will be absorbed?

A

physiological need

63
Q

Bioavailibility is subject to what?

A

competition of absorption

64
Q

Phytic acid

A

found in wheat grain. legume fiber, and unleavened breads

65
Q

Oxalic acid

A

found in green leafies

66
Q

Polyphenyls

A

tea, dark chocolate, wine

67
Q

Osteons consist of

A

central canal

blood vessels

68
Q

Two types of bone

A

cortical (compact) bone

trabecular (spongy) bone

69
Q

Osteocytes

A

specialized bone cells

secrete minerals

70
Q

Trabecular bone has spaces filled with what?

A

red bone marrow

71
Q

Which type of bone is strongest?

A

trabecular bone

72
Q

What famous structure was modeled after the structure of trabecular bone?

A

Eiffel Tower

73
Q

Bone consists of what?

A

protein fibers
collagen
minerals - calcium and phosphorous

74
Q

Minerals in bone form what?

A

hydroxyapatite

75
Q

Hydroxyapatite binds to what?

A

collagen

76
Q

Osteoblasts

A

build bone

77
Q

Osteoclasts

A

dissolve bone

78
Q

The building and dissolving of bone does what?

A

change blood calcium levels

79
Q

At what age do we experience peak bone density?

A

30

80
Q

What causes a decrease in bone density?

A

osteoblast acitivity decreases while osteoclast acitivty remains the same

81
Q

Most recognized nutrient associated with bone health?

A

Calcium

82
Q

What else is essential for bone/dental health?

A

Vitamin D

Fluoride

83
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

clacium

84
Q

How much of the adult body weight does calcium account for?

A

1-2%

85
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

bone/teeth structure

-important regulatory roles

86
Q

What kind of regulatory roles does calcium have?

A

nerve transmission
muscle contraction
blood pressure regulation
release of certain hormones

87
Q

What are the two ways that calcium is absorbed?

A

active transport

passive diffusion

88
Q

What does the absorption of calcium depend upon?

A

availability of active form of vitamin D

89
Q

What are tannins, fiber, phytates, and oxalates?

A

anti-nutrients

90
Q

The bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of what? Why?

A

anti-nutrients

calcium prefers to bind to them rather than being absorbed

91
Q

What hormones are related to calcium?

A

calcitonin

parathyroid hormone

92
Q

What releases calcitonin?

A

thyroid gland

93
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A
  • reduces osteoclast activity to inhibit calcium release
  • stimulates osteoblasts
  • acts on kidney to increase calcium excretion
94
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A
  • acts as osteoclasts in bone to release calcium

- triggers kidney to form calcitrol

95
Q

What does calcitrol do?

A
  • acts on SI to increase calcium absorption

- tells kidneys not to release calcium into urine, and activates vitamin D

96
Q

What percentage of calcium is absorbed in adults?

A

25-30

97
Q

What factors increase calcium absorption?

A

stomach acid
vitamin D
growth hormone

98
Q

When bone is lost and strength declines, what is diagnosed?

A

osteoporosis

99
Q

How does osteoporosis affect bones?

A

become fragile and more likely to break

100
Q

What areas of the body are more likely to break with osteoporosis?

A

hip
wrist
vertebrae

101
Q

Kyphosis

A

hunchback created by compression fractures in the vertebrae, usually as a result of osteoprosis

102
Q

Who sees the highest rates of osteoporosis?

A

caucasians

asians

103
Q

How is osteoporosis identified?

A

DEXA scan

scans bone density

104
Q

How do you prevent osteoporosis?

A
  • diet including calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, vitamin K, protein
  • weight-bearing activity
  • avoid smoking
  • eat less meat, desserts, fried foods, alcohol, sweetened beverages
105
Q

Vitamin C is also known as what?

A

ascorbic acid

ascorbate

106
Q

How can vitamin C be destroyed?

A

oxygen
light and heat
contact with copper or iron cookware

107
Q

What are the functions of vitamin C?

A
  • antioxidant
  • helps maintain immune system
  • important in production of collagen
  • aids in iron absorption
108
Q

Can the consumption of vitamin C shorten the life of a cold? Explain

A

No

supplementing with vitamin C well before a cold could reduce the length and intensity of the cold

109
Q

Explain how vitamin C acts as an antioxidant

A

neutralizes free radicals so they can no longer steal electrons

110
Q

How does vitamin C aid in the production of collagen?

A

vitamin C hydroxalates collagen fibers, making it into a strong triple helix structure

111
Q

What is the disease associated with vitamin C deficiency?

A

scurvy

112
Q

What are the major minerals?

A

Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Vitamin C

Human Nutrition (11 decks)

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