Chapter 9: Launching the New Ship of State 1789-1800 Flashcards
1
Q
What were some of the US economic trouble?
A
- French revolution
- Distrusted gov
- Public debt
2
Q
Early changes in America
A
- Growing population yay!
- Many people looked down on America, wondering if it would actually make it
3
Q
George Washington
A
- Drafted unanimously by Electoral College
- Established cabinet (advisors)
4
Q
Secrataries
A
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
5
Q
Bill of Rights
A
- Tacked onto the constitution
- Anti-federalists criticized the constitution for lacking individual rights
- New list of imperatives
- Written by James Madison, protected American principles
6
Q
Amendments
A
- Need 2/3 vote by state or 2/3 vote of both houses of congress
- Protected American principles
7
Q
Judiciary Act of 1789
A
- Created federal courts
- Organized supreme court -> chief justice + 5 associates
8
Q
John Jay
A
- First chief justice of US
9
Q
Alexander Hamilton
A
- Treasury secretary
- Set out to correct the $ vexations that crippled the Articles of Confederation
- He planned to shape the financial policies of the admin that would favor richer groups
- the richer people could fund the gov in return
10
Q
Funding at Par
A
- The federal gov. would pay off its debts at face value and interest
- Total of more than $54M - They were paying back the government bonds
11
Q
Assumption
A
- The state debts could be regarded as a proper national commitment
- Hamilton thought that assumption would chain the states to the federal chariot more
- Supported rich
- Moved the rich supporters attachment to state to the federal gov
- Strategy to strengthen gov
- Appealed to states with more debt
12
Q
Financial changes
A
- National debt went up by $75M
- B/c Hamilton wanted to honor outstanding federal + state obligations
- known as “Father of the National Debt”
- focused on public health
13
Q
Tariffs
A
- Hamilton’s first idea to pay off debt
- 8% on imports and passed quickly
14
Q
Excise Tax
A
- Secured from Congress to tax domestic items like whisky
- caused Whiskey rebellion
15
Q
Bank of US
A
- Modeled off of Bank of England
- Private institution where gov was stockholder and Treasury would deposit surplus money
- convenient strongbox
- funds would stimulate business w/ circulation
- PAPER MONEY- believed to be unconstitutional
16
Q
Strict Construction
A
- Under the belief that the constitution should be interpreted literally/strictly
- Jefferson embraced this theory
- Hamilton thought they should go about it more loosely
17
Q
Elastic clause
A
States that the government has the power to create any laws that is necessary and proper.
18
Q
Bank of US
A
- Created by Congress in 1791
- Chartered for 20 years - Located in Philadelphia
- Had capital of $10 M
- 1/5 owned by federal gov
19
Q
Battle of the Wabash (Battle of a 1000 slain)
A
- Rattled fledging Washington adminstration
- Americans lost
- The British began to plot to create an Indian barrier state to contain Americas
- The Indians led by little turtle
20
Q
Whiskey Rebellion
A
- 1794, SW Pennsylvania
- The excise tax did not do well with the homespun pioneer folk
- Considered the tax as burden on $ necessity (LOL whiskey was a necessity)
- “Liberty and no excuse!” - Small rebellion but the government was threatened and demanded respect
- The constitution allowed the government to squash the rebellion
21
Q
What caused the emergence of political parties?
A
Hamilton’s financial tactics, people who were pro and those who were anti
- Jefferson’s party who opposed Hamilton evoluted to democrats
- Hamilton’s party evoluted to republicans
22
Q
French Revolution
A
- 1789
- 26 years
1. Historic global revolution - Affected Western world greatly
2. Began with the people imposing constitutional ideologies on Louis XVI - America supported this
- Mobocracy
3. France declared war on Austria
23
Q
Reign of Terror
A
- Began with the church being attacked after the king’s death
- In France
- Basically the people were beheading everyone
24
Q
Haitian Revolution
A
- Slaves revolted in the largest French colony St. Domnigue
- 1791 - They killed anybody from the white planter class
- Leader was Toussaint L’Ouverture
- Thought the French Rev. was spreading hostility
25
How did the political leaders feel about the war?
- Washington wanted to avoid it as much as possible
- Hamilton agreed with Washington
- Jefferson wanted to fulfill their alliance with the French and help them out
26
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
1. American government's neutrality during war
2. Called w/o consulting congress
- Pro-French Jeffersonians were enranged
3. Still supported French + provided supplies
27
Battle of Fallen Timbers
1. American army was better armed and trained
2. The British refused to shelter the Indians so they began to turn to the Americans to negotiate
- The Americans were led by Mad Anthony Wayne
28
Mad Anthony Wayne
1. General
2. Led Battle of Fallen Timbers
29
Treaty of Greenville:
1. Btwn Americans + Indians
2. Indians gave up Old Northwest (Indiana + Ohio)
3. Indians received $20K + annual 9K
- Right to hunt in lands ceded
- Indians felt like it restricted the US from deciding the fates of the Indians
30
British relations to the Americans and French
- The British wanted to dry out French West Indies so they attacked American ships trying to trade w/ them
- Washington sent John Jay to London to try to keep out of war
- Hamilton tried to sabatoge
- Jeffersonians shocked
- British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on US soil
31
Charles Genet
1. Frenchman who tried to convince America to support France
2. Minister/representative
32
Jay's Treaty
1. British stopped seizing American ships + demanded $ owed
2. Democratic-Republican party emerged
- Washington popularity diminished
3. Spain wanted to make a deal with America
- Afraid the Treaty overshadowed Anglo-American one
33
Pickney's Treaty
1. Caused because of Jay's Treaty
2. Spain gave Americans everything they wanted
- Free navigation of the Mississippi
- Right of deposit (warehouse rights)
- Western Florida
34
Farewell Address
1. Washington's goodbye
2. He advised avoiding permanent alliances
- He favored temporary alliances only
- People did not treat him with the same respect after he left office
35
What happened after Washington left?
Congress was forced to turn to John Adams
- he was experienced but not a lot of popularity
- not the same vibes
36
French and American relations
- France was against Jay's Treaty as they saw it as a step for an alliance with the British
- They began to seize American merchant vessels
- John Adams tried to avoid war and tried to reach agreement with French
- Sent 3 men to meet Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
37
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
1. Minister of France
2. Sent XYZ but then realized that he should welcome the American representatives instead of creating a new enemy
38
XYZ Affair
1. Three men known as XYZ came to the American representatives as go-betweens
2. They asked for bribes just so they could talk to Talleyrand
- $250,000 total
- "Millions for defense, but not 1 cent for tribute"
39
Quasi-War w/ France
1. Undeclared war
- Conquest for Louisiana + Florida
2. Sent a new Minister to France
- Napolean sold Louisiana to America
- Old world conflicts in their favor
40
Convention of 1800
1. Annulled the old alliance (French and American)
- Divorce
2. US payed the damage claims of American shippers
- Alimony
41
Alien Laws
1. 5 years -> 14 years requirement to become a citizen
2. President could deport dangerous foreigners
3. Random grant of power not traditional
- Never really enforced
42
Sedition Act
1. Slap at the freedom of speech and freedom of press
2. Anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely deformed its officials could be fined or imprisoned
- Like bruh what?
- basically if you spoke out against government or questioned it, you would be put in jail
43
The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions
1. Jefferson secretly wrote a series of resolutions that Kentucky legislature approved
2. James Madison wrote similar ones and had it approved by Virginian legislature
3. They feared persecution for sedition
4. Stressed the compact theory and that federal gov had over stepped
5. Argued to refuse the sedition and alien laws but no other states fell into line
- Later used by southerners to support nullification
44
The Compact Theory
1. The 13 states had created a contract regarding its jurisdiction when they created a federal gov
2. Applied to the resolution bc Jefferson + Madison thought that the gov had overstepped
45
Jeffersonian ideas
- Favored agriculture
- he actually felt bad for the poor people
- wanted no special privileges
- weak central regime
- power retained by states
46
Hamilton ideas
- Advocated strong central government
- wanted a powerful enough gov to crush rebellions
- protect lives + estates of wealthy
- promote foreign trade
- gov supports private enterprise
47
Foreign policy (Hamilton v Jefferson)
1. Hamilton looked to build a strong national state that would assert and expand America's economic interests
- Pro-British in this case
- Trade with other countries was the key to economic plan
2. Jeffersonian were Pro-French and thought America would have an advantage to support the French Rev's liberal ideas
- Looked Westward + inward
- Wanted to strengthen democracy
