Chapter 1: New World Beginnings 33,000 BCE - 1680 CE Flashcards
1
Q
Canadian Shield
(Theme)
A
- After Pangaea, North America stayed in place b/c of the Canadian Shield
- A zone that wasn’t held back by ancient rock, enabling it to rise above sea level
- When the shield gained depression, rivers changed direction of flow
- influence American Geography!
Theme 7 (GEO)
2
Q
Incas
(Theme)
A
- Tribe in Peru -> sophisticated civilization
- Lacked simple tech/large animals but were able to sustain themselves w/ maize
- managed to build cities, businesses, math for astronomy
Theme 4 (ARC)
3
Q
Aztecs
(Theme)
A
- Tribe in Mexico -> sophisticated civilization
-
They believed in Gods whom they gave sacrifices to, hoping for favor
- had similar lacking as Incas but also had maize, cities, businesses, math
Theme 4 (ARC)
4
Q
Pueblo
(Theme)
A
- People of Rio Grande Valley
-
Created irrigation systems for their cornfields
- means village in Spanish
- advanced farming/life even further
Theme 3 (WXT)
5
Q
Maize/Corn
(Theme)
A
- Cultivation/development of maize began in Mexico
- Sustained life of Aztecs + Incas
- when corn cultivation arrived to other places in America indicated how different each society evolved
Theme 3 (WXT)
6
Q
Nation States
(A sovereign territory w/ a group that shares a common history)
A
- None comparable to the Aztecs existed during the European’s arrival
- Leagues, confederations, chiefdom existed instead in order to build a small or large community
7
Q
Cahokia
A
- Settlement in Mississippi
- Disappeared, maybe devastated by climate change, deforestation + flooding
8
Q
Three Sister Farming
A
- Utilized corn, squash, beans and each contributed a trait to make the cultivation better
- Created a rich diet
- Cornstalk was foundation, the squash retained moisture in the soil, the corn was cover
9
Q
Iroquois Confederacy
A
- Created an alliance to menace their neighbors by using political and organizational skills + were inspired by Hiawatha
- Created the closest North American thing to the Aztec + Inca empires
- Depended on agriculture a lot in order to eat
10
Q
InBTWN
(beginning of explorers)
A
- Native Americans didn’t bring a heavy toil upon the land
- Europeans felt ambitious to explore the world so they went to Asia
- Eastern luxuries were expensive in Europe, exported from large distances
- Began to enter Africa in order to get to Asia
11
Q
Caravel
(Theme)
A
- Purpose: to sail more certainly against the wind to get home
- Could sail more closely into the wind
- Didn’t exactly need it b/c they discovered they could sail northwest to get back home
Theme 3 (WXT)
12
Q
InBTWN
(Slavery)
A
- Slave trades began
- They had them work on sugar plantations
13
Q
Plantation
(ThemeS)
A
- They are found to be originally from Africa
- They were where slaves worked
- Large amount of Agriculture + slave labor
- Shaped the fate of New World
Theme 8 (WOR)
Theme 3 (WXT)
14
Q
Vasco da Gama
A
- Reached India 10 years after Bartholomeu Dias went thru the southernest tip of Africa
- Retured w/ jewels + spices
15
Q
Ferdinand of Aragon
A
- Marriage to Isabella of Castile gave Spain strength
- The strength caused the Spaniards to beat Portugal in their race to wealth from the Indies
16
Q
Isabella of Castille
A
- Her marriage w/ Ferdinand gave Spain strength
- It also united Spain w/ Castille
17
Q
Christopher Columbus
(Theme)
A
- He was a skilled seafarer who seized the opportunity to explore further
- He discovered America, thinking it was the Indies thus calling the natives Indians
- He and his small superstitious crew were afraid they had failed
- His discovery led to 4 continents being established
- Europe started pulling resources from all 3 other continents
Theme 8 (WOR)
18
Q
Columbian Exchange
(ThemeS)
A
- Columbus took materials from the natives and gave some things in return, good + bad
- He introduced crops + animals/got maize + new world crops in return
- He introduced diseases
- The new animals spread throughout America
- Sugar Revolution took place in Europe
Theme 3/7 (WXT/GEO)
19
Q
Smallpox
A
- Brought to America + inflicted/killed many natives
- Spread so quickly
- Brought thru germs/bacteria on Europeans clothes + themselves
- Indians returned the “favor” by inflicting syphilis
- Germs killed people more than muskets
20
Q
Treaty of Tordesillas
(Theme)
A
- It let Spain claim America officially + split land w/ Portugal
-
The good share went to Spain while Portugal got “condolence” land (basically Spain got West side and Protugal got East side + Brazil)
Theme 8 (WOR)
21
Q
Encomienda System
(Theme)
A
- Tried to Christianize the Indians by giving them to certain colonists
- Basically “We’ll give these Indians to you if you Christianize them” - Basically slavery
Theme 4 (ARC)
22
Q
Hernan Cortes
A
- Get sail towards Mexico + picked up companions that served as interpreter
- Aimed to find riches + promised to help the Aztec’s rivals
23
Q
Moctezuma
A
- The Aztec Chieftain
- He welcomed Cortes, believing he was a god
- They saw that the Spaniards were greedy + attacked them
24
Q
Noche Triste
A
- When the Aztec attacked the Spaniards, causing them to flee
- Means sad night
- Cortes surrendered about 2 months later
- Small pox epidemic same year
25
Capitalism
(Theme)
1. When the economy in Europe boomed, some scholars beliefs this caused the capitalist economy system
2. *Wealth coming from the New World helped the growth of international economic affairs*
Theme 4 (ARC)
26
Mestizos
1. The People who have *mixed Indian + European* ethnicity
2. European invaders intermarried w/ surviving Indians
27
Conquistadores
1. Means *conquerors (Spanish)*
2. *They spread across the New World*, searching gold, glory, seeking to Christianize
28
Vasco Nufiez Balboa
1. *Believed to have discovered the Pacific ocean*
2. Landed in Panama, which he claimed in the name of his kind along w/ all other land that the Pacific ocean touched
29
Ferdinand Magellan
1. Sailed all the way around the world
2. Killed by the people in the Philipines
30
Juan Ponce de Leon
1. Explored *Florida* thinking it was an island
2. *Sought gold* although many say he was searching for the *fountain of youth*
31
Francisco Coronado
1. Sought out the *golden cities* in stories but found adobe pueblos instead
2. He also *discovered the Grand Canyon + Colorado River*
32
Hernando de Soto
1. Executed an expedition for gold
2. *Slaved + abused Indians*
- *Discovered Mississippi River*
33
InBTWN
(Spain's progress)
- Spain's colonization expanded + flourished
- Had universities, cathedrals, printing presses
34
John (Giovanni) Cabot
1. Italian mariner sent b/c *England eager to explore* their share of wealth
2. Was to *explore the north Eastern coast*
35
Battle of Acoma
1. The *Spanish won*
2. The Spanish had the young Indians serve them for 20 years but took those 25 + males + severed one of their feet off
3. The Spanish made the area the *province of New Mexico*
36
Pueblo Revolt/Pope's Rebellion
1. Caused by the Spaniards trying to *convert the Indians*
2. The rebels *destroyed the churches + killed priests + settles)*
37
Robert de La Salle
1. French--sent on an expedition to go *down the Mississippi River*
2. France was still in the game so they sent de La Salle
38
Black Legend
1. Is a false concept that was made known by Spain's rivals but was thought to be (produced by the Spaniards' misdeeds)
2. Based on the idea that Spain indulged in their gold, left chicken pox, killed + enslaved Indians
3. But Spain still *left the foundations for new nations*
