Chapter 9 (Language) Flashcards
The different sounds of a language
phonemes
The study of different sounds in a language
phonology
Putting sounds together in a coherent way, identifying the meaning units of a language
morphology
smallest meaning units of language
morphemes
arrangement of words within sentences, structure of sentences
syntax
the study of meaning of language
semantics
give and take between participants in language
pragmatics
the set of rules for a language
grammar
refers to the underlying linguistic knowledge that lets people produce and comprehend language
linguistic competence
reflects linguistic competence only under completely ideal conditions
linguistic performance
the study of speech sounds and how they are produced
phonetics
the study of speech sounds and how they are produced
phonetics
taking a certain part of a sentence and moving it to the front
preposing
describes the way in which certain symbols can be rewritten as other symbols
rewrite rules
theories of meaning
anomaly, self-contradiction, ambiguity, synonymy, entailment
the speaker asserts her or his belief in some proposition, ex: “It’s hot in here”
assertives
are instructions from the speaker to the listener, ex: “Close the door”
directives
utterances that commit the speaker to some later action, ex: “I promise to clean my room”
commissives
describe psychological states of the speaker, ex: “I apologize for eating the last piece of pie”
expressives
speech acts in which the utterance is itself the action, ex: “You’re fired”
declarations
the effect when listeners restore missing phonemes predicted by other linguistic information during the course of perception
phoneme restoration effect
when observers are faster and more accurate in making a lexical decision when a target word is preceded by another word that is associated in meaning
semantic priming effect
lead the listener or reader down one interpretation until the middle or end of processing, they realize the interpretation is incorrect and the sentence needs to be reprocessed
garden path sentences
when words have two meanings
lexical ambiguity
series of fixations and jumps
saccades
when readers encounter a new words and try to interpret it and assign it a role
immediacy assumption
interpretation of each word occurs during the time it is fixated
eye-mind hypothesis
the number of basic ideas conveyed
propositional complexity
Gricean maxims of cooperative conversation
quantity, quality, relation, manner
states that language both directs and constraints thought and perception
Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity
language disorder
aphasia
Damage to frontal areas, distorted speech, difficulty comprehending reversed sentences
expressive aphasia (Brocha’s aphasia)
fluent speech without content, damage to the temporal lobes and left hemisphere, cannot comprehend and execute simple commands
receptive aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)
specialization between the two hemispheres
lateralization
difficulties in naming objects
anomia
visual language impairments
alexia
the inability to write
agraphia
one can write, but cannot read what they write
alexia without agraphia
