Chapter 5 (Memory Structures) Flashcards

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1
Q

when information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use

A

encoding

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2
Q

calling to mind previously stored information

A

retrieval

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3
Q

occurs when we cannot retrieve information

A

forgetting

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4
Q

assumes that information is received, processed, and stored differently for each kind of memory

A

modal model of memory

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5
Q

unattended information stored only briefly in, connected to perception

A

sensory memory

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6
Q

attended information is held in ____ for 20-30 seconds

A

short term memory

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7
Q

information needed for longer periods of time

A

long term memory

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8
Q

types of sensory memory

A

visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile

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9
Q

visual memory is also called

A

iconic

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10
Q

auditory memory is also called

A

echoic

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11
Q

showed that the icon can be erased by other stimuli

A

masking

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12
Q

people recall more words at either the beginning or end of the list than they do words in the middle

A

serial position effect

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13
Q

improved recall of words at the beginning of a list

A

primacy effect

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14
Q

improved recall of words at the end of the list

A

recency effect

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15
Q

the number of items short term memory can hold

A

7 +- 2

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16
Q

length of time for short term memory

A

about a minute

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17
Q

the way in which information is mentally represented

A

coding

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18
Q

length of time when information is lost, about 20 seconds

A

retention duration

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19
Q

the encoded mental representation of the to-be-remembered information

A

memory trace

20
Q

automatic fading of memory traces

A

decay

21
Q

the disruption of memory traces by other traces

A

inteference

22
Q

old information makes it difficult to acquire new information

A

proactive interference

23
Q

new information makes it difficult to recall old information

A

retroactive interference

24
Q

short term memory uses ____ search

A

serial, exhaustive search

25
Q

length of time for long term memory

A

indefinite, some can last for decades at a time

26
Q

capacity of long term memory

A

virtually unlimited

27
Q

acoustic similarity affects _____, semantic similarity affects ____

A

STM, LTM

28
Q

how long term memory is coded

A

semantics

29
Q

participants hear lists of pairs of words, then presented with the first word of each pair, participants must recall the word paired with it

A

paired associates learning

30
Q

points to and leads to the recovery of a target memory

A

retrieval cue

31
Q

as research participants study more facts, the time they need to retrieve a particular fact increases

A

fan effect

32
Q

states that material organized into categories is more easily recalled

A

categorization

33
Q

the idea that memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

A

encoding specificity

34
Q

recall is best when performed in the original environment

A

context effect

35
Q

in the working memory model, STM is equated with

A

consciousness, place that governs flow of information and processes

36
Q

consists of a limited capacity workspace that can be divided between storage and control processing

A

working memory

37
Q

three components of working memory

A

central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop

38
Q

directs the flow of information, choosing which information will be operated on, when, and how

A

central executive

39
Q

carries out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material

A

phonological loop

40
Q

used to maintain visual material through visualization

A

visuospatial sketch pad

41
Q

responsible for LTM of episodic memory

A

episodic buffer

42
Q

holds memory of specific events in which you yourself somehow participated

A

episodic memory

43
Q

holds information that has entered your general knowledge

A

semantic memory

44
Q

affects episodic memory, general knowledge remains intact

A

anterograde amnesia

45
Q
A