Chapter 7 (Concepts) Flashcards
a mental representation of some object, event, or pattern
concept
defined as a class of similar things that share one or two things
category
what are the five natures of concept
classical view, prototype view, exemplar view, schemata view, knowledge based view
organized around the belief that all examples or instances of a concept share fundamental characteristics, features must be individually necessary and collectively sufficient
classical view
uses the idea of prototypes, which are idealized representations of some class of objects
prototype view
a structure in which each member has a number of features sharing different features with each member
family resemblance structure of concepts
“piano” and “guitar” are considered this type of category
basic level of categorization
“musical instruments” compared to “piano” or “guitar” would be this type of categorization
superordinate levels of categorization
“grand piano” compared to “piano” would be considered this type of categorization
subordinate levels of categorization
assumes that people categorize new instances by comparing them to representations of previously stored instances
exemplar view
that concepts are schemata - frameworks of knowledge that have roles, slots, variables
schemata view
person uses his or her knowledge of how the concept is organized to justify the classification and explain why certain instances appear in the same category
knowledge-based view
the three concept attainment strategies
simultaneous scanning, successive scanning, conservative focusing
strategy that tests and rules out multiple hypotheses at once, difficult to us and makes heavy demands on working memory
simultaneous scanning
strategy where a participant tests one hypothesis at a time, less efficient but more cognitively managable
successive scanning
consisted of find a card that illustrated the concept, then choosing other cards that varied in only one aspect, easy and efficient, unless cards are not ordered, doesn’t guarantee a solution
conservative focusing
concepts that have precise definitions
nominal
thought to be involved in the further processing of visual stimuli, selecting appropriate actions based on the stimuli, and processing of feedback to promote learning
basal ganglia
requires that people pay attention to individual exemplars
implicit learning
peoples reliance on underlying nature as a basis for many concepts
psychological essentialism
concepts that have clear definitions
nominal-kind concepts
concepts that are naturally occurring the environment
natural-kind concepts
things constructed to serve some function or accomplish some task
artifact concepts
