Chapter 1 (History, Methods, Paradigms)

Question 1

knowledge comes from an individuals own experience

Answer 1

empiricism

Question 2

emphasizes role of biological factors in determining ones cognitive abilities

Answer 2

nativism

Question 3

created the first laboratory for experimental psychology

Answer 3

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 4

primary goal was to discover the elemental components of the mind

Answer 4

structuralism

Question 5

created the first experimental psychological laboratory in Canada

Answer 5

James Baldwin

Question 6

involved presenting highly trained observers with various stimuli and asking them to describe their experience

Answer 6

introspection

Question 7

argued that experimental psychologists primary goal should be to explain the functions of the mind

Answer 7

functionalism

Question 8

argued that scientists should only focus on that which was observable overt behaviour

Answer 8

behaviourism

Question 9

central assumption was that psychological phenomena had to be analyzed and studied in their entirety and could not be reduced to simple elements

Answer 9

gestalt psychology

Question 10

wondered whether intellectual abilities could be subject to the same pressures as natural selection

Answer 10

Sir Francis Galton

Question 11

military personnel had to be trained to operate complicated equipment, so engineers had to design equipment to suit the capabilities of the people operating it

Answer 11

human factor engineering

Question 12

idea that machinery operated by a person must be designed to interact with the operators physical, cognitive, and motivational capacities and limitations

Answer 12

person-machine system

Question 13

means that people can only do so many things at once

Answer 13

limited capacity processors

Question 14

claim that the neural structures supporting that function reside in a specific brain area

Answer 14

localization of function

Question 15

consists of an observer watching people in familiar, everyday contexts

Answer 15

naturalistic observation

Question 16

one in which the experimenter manipulates one or more independent variables and observes the recorded measures

Answer 16

experiment

Question 17

different experimental participants are assigned to different experimental conditions and the researcher looks for differences in performance

Answer 17

between subjects design

Question 18

exposes the same experiment participants to one or more conditions

Answer 18

within subjects design

Question 19

studies that appear in other ways to be experiments but that have one or more of these factors as independent variables

Answer 19

quasi-experiment

Question 20

body of knowledege structured according to what its proponents consider important and what they do not

Answer 20

paradigm

Question 21

based on the idea that cognition can be thought of as information

Answer 21

information processing

Question 22

cognition is composed of highly interactive network of connections among simple processing units

Answer 22

connectionism

Question 23

in order to understand cognition, we need to understand the evolutionary pressures our ancestors went through

Answer 23

evolutionary approach

Question 24

all cognitive activities are shaped by the culture, context, and the situation under which they occur

Answer 24

ecological approach