Chapter 8 (Visual Imagery) Flashcards
systems that improve memory
mnemonics
requires the learner to image a series of places that have some sort of order to them
method of loci
when participants form images that interact
interacting images
involves picturing items with another set of ordered “cues”
pegword method
adding extra words or sentences to mediate your memory and the material
recoding
the hypothesis that long-term memory contains two distinct coding systems
dual coding hypothesis
coding systems according to the dual coding hypothesis
verbal (information about an item’s lingusitic meaning). imagery (mental pictures of some sort)
give rise to both verbal labels and images
concrete words
only have a verbal label
abstract words
believed that imagery improved memory not because images are richer than labels, but because imagery produces more associations between items recalled
relational-organizational hypothesis
when people respond faster to two objects that differ greatly
symbolic-distance effect
form a visual image then scan it
imaginal scanning
rules of thumb
heuristic
information stored unintentionally along with other information that allows you to construct a visual image
implicit encoding
five principles of visual imagery
implicit encoding, perceptual equivalence, spatial equivalence, transformation equivalence, structural equivalence
functionally equivalent to perception to the extent that similar mechanisms are used
perceptual equivalence
the spatial arrangement of the elements of a mental image corresponds to the way objects or their parts are arranged on actual physical space
spatial equivalence
imagined transformations and physical transformations exhibit corresponding dynamic characteristics and are governed by the same laws of motion
transformational equivalence
the structure of mental images corresponds to that of actual perceived objects
structural equivalence
the tasks themselves or something about the task cues the person how to behave
demand characteristics
when experiments unconsciously give cues to participants
experimenter expectancy effect
believe there is a single code, neither visual nor verbal but propositional in nature
propositional theory
area of the brain used to form faces
fusiform face area (occipital-temporal)
area of the brain for mental images
parohippocampal place area (ventromedial area)
how people represent and navigate in and through space
spatial cognition
knowledge of where the different parts of ones body are
space of the body
refers to the area immediately around you
space around the body
refers to larger spaces
space of navigation
