Chapter 10 (Thinking, Problem Solving, and Reasoning)

Question 1

has a clear starting point and has a specific goal

Answer 1

focused thinking

Question 2

has the character of daydreaming, some forms of creative thinking, or unintentionally calling to mind a number of different loosely related ideas

Answer 2

unfocused thinking

Question 3

have a clear goal, present an small set of information to start from, and often present a set of rules or guidelines to abide by while you are working toward a solution

Answer 3

well-defined problems

Question 4

dont have clear goals, starting information, or steps clearly spelled out

Answer 4

ill-defined problems

Question 5

involves generating a number of potential solutions and then testing to see if the solution fits

Answer 5

generate-and-test

Question 6

consists of an initial state, intermediate states, operations which are permissible moves/rules to follow, and a goal state

Answer 6

means-end analysis

Question 7

user analyzes the goal to determine the last step needed to achieve it, then the next-to-last step, etc.

Answer 7

working backward

Question 8

involves using knowledge from one relatively know domain and applying it to another domain

Answer 8

reasoning by analogy

Question 9

the tendency to adopt a certain framework or strategy or procedure

Answer 9

mental set

Question 10

adoption of a rigid mental set toward an object

Answer 10

functional fixedness

Question 11

the idea that while your mind was actively running other cognitive processes, some other sort of processing was happening in the background

Answer 11

unconscious processing, incubation

Question 12

is the ability to channel your memory in order to make conscious some past experience or knowledge that meets various constraints

Answer 12

directed remembering

Question 13

the ability to recognize objects not for what they are, but as something else

Answer 13

contrary recognition

Question 14

typically have one or more particular goals in mind

Answer 14

reasoning

Question 15

goes from general to specific, no new info is added

Answer 15

deductive reasoning

Question 16

goes from specific to general, can contain new information

Answer 16

inductive reasoning

Question 17

the content of a problem can facilitate logical reasoning process

Answer 17

content effect

Question 18

people are presented with premises that deal with classes of entities

Answer 18

categorical syllogisms

Question 19

people are much more likely to accept a conclusion as valid irrespective of if it logically follows from the premise

Answer 19

believability affect

Question 20

participants are trying to confirm that the rule si true, rather than trying to test their rule

Answer 20

confirmation bias

Question 21

view states that people are more critical of conclusions they do not believe and are thus more likely to search for reasons to refute or disconfirm an unbelievable conclusion then a believable one

Answer 21

disconfirmation hypothesis

Question 22

argues that people rely on special-purpose mental rules, which we have implicit access to, we can’t consciously think about them to draw conclusions

Answer 22

rules approach

Question 23

argue that reasoning consists of constructing mental models to depict the premises, a quasi-pictorial representation between the information and the conclusion

Answer 23

mental models approach

Question 24

divides thinking into two types

Answer 24

dual process model of reasoning

Question 25

processes that are more autonomous, intuitive, and do not require working memory

Answer 25

type 1

Question 26

processes that are more deliberate, analytic and require working memory

Answer 26

type 2