Chapter 9: Joints Flashcards
any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are movable at that interface
joint (articulation)
how are joint names derived?
typically derived from the names of the bones involved
how are joints classified?
according to the amount of movement allowed and the manner in which the bones are bound to each other
immovable joints are called
synarthroses
slightly movable joints are called
amphiarthroses
freely movable joints are called
diarthroses
what are the 4 major joint categories?
bony, fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous joints
another name for a bony joint
synostosis
immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and the bones become, in effect, a single bone; can either occur in fibrous or cartilaginous joints
synostosis
another name for fibrous joint
synarthrosis/synarthrodial joint
adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other
fibrous joints
what are the three kinds of fibrous joints?
sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind the bones of the skull to each other
sutures
attachment of a tooth to its socket; held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament
gomphosis
fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers
syndesmosis
example of very mobile syndesmosis
interosseus membrane
example of less mobile syndesmosis
joint between tibia and fibula
another name for a cartilaginous joint
amphiarthroses
what are the two kinds of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
what cartilage is used in synchondrosis?
hyaline cartilage
what are examples of synchondrosis?
temporary joints in the epiphyseal plates in children, first rib attachment to sternum
what kind of cartilage is used for symphysis
fibrocartilage
what are examples of symphysis?
pubic symphysis joining the right and left pubic bones with interpubic disc; bodies of vertebrae joined by intervertebral discs
joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity
synovial joint
what is another name for synovial joints?
diarthrosis/diarthrodial joint
what is the most familiar type of joint?
synovial
what joint is most structurally complex?
synovial
slippery lubricant in joint cavity; rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid; like raw egg whites
synovial fluid
the degrees through which a joint can move; aspect of joint performance; physical assessment of a patient’s joint flexibility
range of motion
what is range of motion determined by?
structure of the articular surfaces, strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, action of the muscles and tendons; muscle tone
shoulder has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation
multiaxial joint
how many classes of synovial joints exist
6 classes
smooth, hemispherical head fits within cup like socket, only multiaxial joints in body
ball and socket joints
oval convex surface of one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other; biaxial joint
condylar; ellipsoid joints
both bones have an articular surface shaped like a saddle, one is concave, the other convex; biaxial
saddle joints
flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other; usually biaxial
plane gliding joints
one bone with a convex surface fits into a concave depression of another bone; monoaxial
hinge joints
bone spins on its longitudinal axis; monoaxial
pivot joint
the position of a joint when a person is standing in standard anatomical position
zero position
movement that decreases joint angle
flexion
movement that straightens a joint and returns a body part to zero position
extension
extension of a joint beyond zero position
hyperextension
movement of a body in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
abduction
raising arm over back or front of head
hyperabduction
movement in the frontal plane back towards the midline
adduction
crossing fingers; crossing ankles is considered
hyperadduction
movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
elevation
movement that lowers a body part in the same plane
depression
the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
protraction
posterior movement
retraction
one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
circumduction
movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
rotation
rotation that turns the bone inward
medial/internal rotation
rotation that turns the bone outward
lateral/external rotation
forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward
supination
forearm movement that turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward
pronation
moving thumb away from hand and pointing it anteriorly
palmar abduction
moving thumb away from index finger
radial abduction
tip of thumb directed toward palm
flexion of thumb
straightening the thumb
extension of thumb
moving thumb to touch tip of a finger
opposition
returning thumb to zero position
reposition
elevating toes as you do while swinging foot forward to take a step
dorsiflexion
extending foot so that toes point downward as in standing on tiptoe
plantar flexion
movement in which the soles are turned medially
inversion
movement in which the soles are turned laterally
eversion
complex combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction
supination of foot
syndrome including clicking sounds in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, pain radiating from jaw down the neck, shoulders and back, can cause moderate intermittent facial pain or severe headaches, vertigo, tinnitus
tmj (temporomandibular joint syndrome)
complex combination of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction
pronation of foot
what is the cause of tmj
psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of teeth)
cause of shoulder dislocation
downward displacement of the humerus
a hinge that includes two articulations; frequently dislocated
elbow joint
head of femur inserts into acetabulum of hip bone; bears weight has deeper sockets, more stable than shoulder
coxal hip joint
congenital dislocation
infants born with dislocation
largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body; primarily a hinge joint
tibiofemoral (knee) joint
procedure in which interior of joint is viewed with a pencil thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision
arthroscopy
board term for pain and inflammation of joints; most crippling disease in the united states
artritis
most common form of arthritis; wear and tear arthritis
osteoarthritis
attack against joint tissue; type of arthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
solidly fused immobilized joint
ankylosis
replacement of diseased joint with artificial device called prosthesis
arthroplasty
inflammation of a bursa or tendon sheath
bursitis/tendonitis
uric acid crystal accumulation in the joint that irritates the articular cartilage and synovial membrane
gout
a broad term for any pain in the bones, ligaments, tendons and muscles related to support and locomotion
rheumatism
torn ligament or tendon
sprain
painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle
strain
