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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 13: The Spinal, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Spinal, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and down the spinal cord

A

conduction

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2
Q

spinal neurons receive input from multiple sources integrate and execute appropriate output

A

neural integration

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3
Q

spinal cord contains central pattern generators group of neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of contractions for walking

A

locomotion

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4
Q

involuntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture coordination and protection

A

reflexes

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5
Q

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem at the foramen magnum of the skull

A

spinal

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6
Q

where does the spinal cord’s inferior margin end?

A

L1

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7
Q

what segments is the spinal cord divided into?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

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8
Q

nerves to upper thigh

A

cervical enlargement

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9
Q

nerves to pelvic region and lower limbs

A

lumbar enlargement

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10
Q

cord tapers to a point inferior to lumbar enlargement

A

conus medullaris

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11
Q

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5

A

cauda equina

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12
Q

three fibrous membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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13
Q

what are the meninges from superficial to deep?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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14
Q

what separates the vertebrae from dura mater?

A

epidural space

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15
Q

delicate membrane that follows contours of spinal cord?

A

pia mater

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16
Q

pia mater continues inferiorly as the

A

filum terminale

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17
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

congenital defect in which one of more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord

A

spina bifida

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19
Q

what is the most serious form of spina bifida?

A

spina bifida cystica

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20
Q

what reduces the risk of spina bifida

A

folic acid

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21
Q

when does spina bifida occur?

A

defect occurs within the first 4 weeks of development

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22
Q

contains neuron cell bodies with little myelin; site of information processing, synaptic integration

A

gray matter

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23
Q

contains myelinated axons; carries signals from one part of the CNS to another

A

white matter

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24
Q

contains interneuron cell bodies

A

dorsal (posterior) horns

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25
Q

made up of only sensory fibers

A

dorsal (posterior) root

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26
Q

contains motor neuron cell bodies

A

ventral (anterior) horns

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27
Q

made up only of motor fibers

A

ventral anterior root

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28
Q

connects right and left sides; central canal lined with ependymal cells filled with CSF

A

gray commissure

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29
Q

T2 through L1; contains neurons of sympathetic nervous system

A

lateral horn

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30
Q

columns of funiculi

A

posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anterior (ventral) columns

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31
Q

subdivisions of columns or funiculi

A

tracts or fasciculi

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32
Q

spinal tract; carry sensory information up

A

ascending tracts

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33
Q

spinal tracts; carry motor information down

A

descending tracts

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34
Q

crossing of the midline that occurs so that the brain senses and controls the contralateral side of body

A

decussation

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35
Q

spinal tracts; origin and destination on opposite sides of the body

A

contralateral tracts

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36
Q

spinal tract; have an origin and destination on the same side of the body

A

ipsilateral tract

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37
Q

detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem

A

first order neurons

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38
Q

continue to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem

A

second order neurons

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39
Q

carry the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex

A

third order neurons

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40
Q

ascending tracts: carries signals from midthoracic and lower parts of body

A

gracile fasciculus

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41
Q

nonvisual sense of the position and movements of the body

A

proprioception

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42
Q

ascending tract: passes up the anterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord from the spinal cord to the thalamus; carries signals for pain pressure temperature light touch, tickle and itch

A

spinothalamic tract

43
Q

what tract travels up the anterolateral system

A

spinoreticular tract

44
Q

what tracts travel through lateral column

A

anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts

45
Q

two motor neurons involved with descending tracts

A

upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons

46
Q

originate in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and terminate on a lower motor neuron

A

upper motor neuron

47
Q

somata are in the brainstem or spinal cord; axons lead to muscle or other target organs

A

lower motor neuron

48
Q

carry signals from the cerebral cortex for precise finely coordinated movements of the limbs

A

corticospinal tracts

49
Q

begins at midbrain region; reflex turning of head in response to sights and sounds

A

tectospinal tract

50
Q

cord like organ composed of numerous nerve fibers bound together by connective tissue

A

nerve

51
Q

contain both afferent and efferent fibers

A

mixed nerves

52
Q

loose connective tissue external to neurilemma

A

endoneurium

53
Q

layers of overlapping squamous cells that wrap fascicles: bundles of nerve fibers

A

perineurium

54
Q

dense irregular connective tissue that wraps entire nerve

A

epineurium

55
Q

caused by poliovirus; destroys motor neurons in brainstem and anterior horn of spinal cord; signs of polio include muscle pain, weakness, and loss of some reflexes; spreads by fecal contamination of water

A

poliomyelitis

56
Q

destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy; also sclerosis (scarring) of lateral regions of the spinal cord; astrocytes fail to reabsorb the neurotransmitter glutamate from the tissue fluid

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

57
Q

skin, skeletal, muscles, bones, joints

A

somatic

58
Q

blood vessels, glands, and viscera

A

visceral

59
Q

widespread innervation

A

general

60
Q

localized innervation

A

special

61
Q

cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglion

62
Q

sensory ganglion associated with spinal nerves

A

dorsal (posterior) root ganglion

63
Q

carries sensory input to the spinal cord

A

posterior dorsal root

64
Q

carries motor output from the spinal cord

A

anterior ventral root

65
Q

formed from the roots arising from L2 to Co1

A

cauda equina

66
Q

innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

A

posterior ramus

67
Q

reenters the vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments

A

meningeal branch

68
Q

supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

A

cervical plexus

69
Q

supplies upper limb and some of shoulder and neck; median nerve carpal tunnel syndrome

A

brachial plexus

70
Q

supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb

A

sacral plexus

71
Q

carry sensory signals from bones joints muscles and skin

A

somatosensory function

72
Q

common disease of early childhood; caused by varicella zoster virus; produces itchy rash that clears up without complication

A

chickenpox

73
Q

localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when immune system is compromised

A

shingles (herpes zoster)

74
Q

major motor and sensory nerve diaphragm; phrenic nerve receives fibers from C3 to C5

A

phrenic nerve

75
Q

5 nerves of brachial plexus

A

axillary, musculocutaenous, median, ulnar, radial

76
Q

skin of anterolateral forearm upper arm flexors

A

musculocutaenous nerve

77
Q

skin of lateral shoulder and arm; deltoid muscle

A

axillary nerve

78
Q

skin of posterior arm and forearm; extensor muscles of posterior arm and forearm

A

radial nerve

79
Q

skin of lateral 2/3 of hand; forearm flexor and lateral palm

A

median nerve

80
Q

skin of palmar and medial hand forearm flexors and hand muscles

A

ulnar nerve

81
Q

longest and thickest nerve of body; innervates hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in leg and foot

A

sciatic nerve

82
Q

sharp pain that travels from gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg to ankle

A

sciatica

83
Q

specific area of skin that conveys sensory input to a spinal nerve

A

dermatome

84
Q

a diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

A

dermatome map

85
Q

quick involuntary stereotyped reactions of glands or muscles to stimulation

A

reflexes

86
Q

involve the somatic nervous system innervating skeletal muscle

A

somatic reflexes

87
Q

stretch receptor embedded in skeletal muscle that informs the brain of muscle length and body movements

A

muscle spindle

88
Q

innervates the intrafusal fiber to maintain tension and sensitivity

A

gamma motor neuron

89
Q

when a muscle is stretched it responds by contracting

A

stretch myotatic reflex

90
Q

monosynaptic reflex example

A

knee jerk patellar reflex

91
Q

reflex phenomenon that prevents muscles from working against each other by inhibiting the antagonist when the agonist is excited

A

reciprocal inhibition

92
Q

quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus

A

flexor reflex

93
Q

involves the contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn

A

crossed extension reflex

94
Q

stimulus and response on same side

A

ipsilateral reflex arc

95
Q

input and output are on opposite sides

A

contralateral reflex arc

96
Q

one in which the input and output occur at different levels

A

intersegmental reflex

97
Q

proprioceptors in a tendon near its junction with a muscle

A

tendon organs

98
Q

a response to excessive tension on the tendon

A

tendon reflex

99
Q

complete severance of cord

A

complete transection

100
Q

paralysis of both lower limbs

A

paraplegia

101
Q

paralysis of all four limbs

A

quadriplegia

102
Q

paralysis on one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

103
Q

partial paralysis or weakness of the limbs

A

paresis

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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