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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Ch 11: Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Ch 11: Muscular Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

about how many human skeletal muscles are there?

A

roughly 600

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2
Q

what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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3
Q

what is the one major purpose of muscle tissue?

A

to convert the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion

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4
Q

the study of the muscular system

A

myology

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5
Q

what are some functions of muscles?

A

movement, stability, heat production, control of openings, glycemic control

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6
Q

name the muscle function: move from place to place; move body parts; move body contents in breathing, circulation, and digestion

A

movement

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7
Q

name the muscle function: maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements; antigravity muscles prevent us from falling over; stabilize joints by maintaining tension

A

stability

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8
Q

name the function and body structure: internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, blood, and other materials within body

A

control of openings and passageways; sphincters

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9
Q

how much of our body heat do skeletal muscles produce?

A

about 85%

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10
Q

name the muscle function: muscles absorb and store glucose which helps regulate blood sugar concentration within normal range

A

glycemic control

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11
Q

how is the strength and the direction of a muscle determined

A

orientation of its fascicles

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12
Q

name the muscle type: thich in the middle; tapered at end

A

fusiform

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13
Q

name the muscle type: uniform width and parallel fascicles

A

parallel muscles

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14
Q

name the muscle type: broad at one end and narrow at the other

A

triangular (convergent muscles)

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15
Q

name the muscle type: feather shaped

A

pennate muscles

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16
Q

muscle type: fasicles approach tendon from one side

A

unipennate

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17
Q

fasicles approach tendon from both sides

A

bipennate

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18
Q

bunches of feathers converge to a single point

A

mulitpennate

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19
Q

form rings around body openings

A

circular muscles (sphincters

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20
Q

what are the universal characteristics of muscles?

A

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

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21
Q

characteristic: to chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

A

excitability (responsiveness)

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22
Q

characteristic: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

A

conductivity

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23
Q

shortens when stimulated

A

contractility

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24
Q

capable of being stretched between contractions

A

extensibility

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25
Q

returns to its original rest length after being stretched

A

elasticity

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26
Q

what is the structural hierarchy of a skeletal muscle?

A

muscle>fascicle>muscle fiber>myofibril>sarcomere>myofilaments

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27
Q

connective tissue around muscle cell

A

endomysium

28
Q

connective tissue around muscle fascicle

A

perimysium

29
Q

connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

A

epimysium

30
Q

attachments between muscle and bone

A

tendon

31
Q

less movable attachment bone to muscle

A

origin

32
Q

more movable attachment, muscle to bone

A

insertion

33
Q

short fleshy attachments

A

direct

34
Q

long fleshy attachments (more common)

A

indirect attachments

35
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

36
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

37
Q

long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

A

myofibrils

38
Q

carbohydrate stored to provide energy for exercise

A

glycogen

39
Q

red pigment, provides some oxygen needed for muscle activity

A

myoglobin

40
Q

thick filament is made of several hundred_____molecules

A

myosin

41
Q

thin filaments made of

A

actin

42
Q

tropomyosin

A

blocks the binding sites to the myosin

43
Q

troponin

A

small calcium binding protein on top of tropomyosin

44
Q

huge springy protein

A

titin

45
Q

which proteins are contractile proteins

A

actin and myosin

46
Q

which two proteins are regulatory proteins

A

tropomyosin and troponin

47
Q

protein that links actin in outermost myofilaments to membrane proteins that link to endomysium; transfers forces of muscle contraction to connective tissue ultimately leading to tendon

A

dystrophin

48
Q

why are striations in muscles

A

precise organization of myosin and actin in cardiac and skeletal muscles

49
Q

dark bands

A

A bands

50
Q

light bands

A

I bands

51
Q

thick filaments make up

A

a bands; h bands

52
Q

thin filaments make up part of

A

a band; only i band

53
Q

provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments

A

z disc

54
Q

segment from z disc to z disc; functional contractile unit of muscle fiber

A

sarcomere

55
Q

shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when nerve remains disconnected

A

denervation atrophy

56
Q

each muscle fiber is “taking orders” from how many motor neurons?

A

one

57
Q

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

A

motor unit

58
Q

motor unit; fine degree of control, 3-6 muscle fibers per neuron; hand and eye muscles

A

small motor unit

59
Q

motor unit; more strength than control; powerful contractions supplied by large motor units with hundreds of fibers

A

large motor units

60
Q

point where nerve fiber meets target

A

synapse

61
Q

point where nerve meets muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

62
Q

swollen end of nerve fiber

A

synaptic terminal

63
Q

gap between synaptic terminal and sarcolemma

A

synaptic cleft

64
Q

what is the resting membrane potential of skeletal muscles

A

-90 mV

65
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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