Ch 11: Muscular Tissue

Question 1

about how many human skeletal muscles are there?

Answer 1

roughly 600

Question 2

what are the 3 kinds of muscle tissue

Answer 2

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Question 3

what is the one major purpose of muscle tissue?

Answer 3

to convert the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion

Question 4

the study of the muscular system

Answer 4

myology

Question 5

what are some functions of muscles?

Answer 5

movement, stability, heat production, control of openings, glycemic control

Question 6

name the muscle function: move from place to place; move body parts; move body contents in breathing, circulation, and digestion

Answer 6

movement

Question 7

name the muscle function: maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements; antigravity muscles prevent us from falling over; stabilize joints by maintaining tension

Answer 7

stability

Question 8

name the function and body structure: internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, blood, and other materials within body

Answer 8

control of openings and passageways; sphincters

Question 9

how much of our body heat do skeletal muscles produce?

Answer 9

about 85%

Question 10

name the muscle function: muscles absorb and store glucose which helps regulate blood sugar concentration within normal range

Answer 10

glycemic control

Question 11

how is the strength and the direction of a muscle determined

Answer 11

orientation of its fascicles

Question 12

name the muscle type: thich in the middle; tapered at end

Answer 12

fusiform

Question 13

name the muscle type: uniform width and parallel fascicles

Answer 13

parallel muscles

Question 14

name the muscle type: broad at one end and narrow at the other

Answer 14

triangular (convergent muscles)

Question 15

name the muscle type: feather shaped

Answer 15

pennate muscles

Question 16

muscle type: fasicles approach tendon from one side

Answer 16

unipennate

Question 17

fasicles approach tendon from both sides

Answer 17

bipennate

Question 18

bunches of feathers converge to a single point

Answer 18

mulitpennate

Question 19

form rings around body openings

Answer 19

circular muscles (sphincters

Question 20

what are the universal characteristics of muscles?

Answer 20

excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

Question 21

characteristic: to chemical signals, stretch, and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

Answer 21

excitability (responsiveness)

Question 22

characteristic: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

Answer 22

conductivity

Question 23

shortens when stimulated

Answer 23

contractility

Question 24

capable of being stretched between contractions

Answer 24

extensibility

Question 25

returns to its original rest length after being stretched

Answer 25

elasticity

Question 26

what is the structural hierarchy of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 26

muscle>fascicle>muscle fiber>myofibril>sarcomere>myofilaments

Question 27

connective tissue around muscle cell

Answer 27

endomysium

Question 28

connective tissue around muscle fascicle

Answer 28

perimysium

Question 29

connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

Answer 29

epimysium

Question 30

attachments between muscle and bone

Answer 30

tendon

Question 31

less movable attachment bone to muscle

Answer 31

origin

Question 32

more movable attachment, muscle to bone

Answer 32

insertion

Question 33

short fleshy attachments

Answer 33

direct

Question 34

long fleshy attachments (more common)

Answer 34

indirect attachments

Question 35

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Answer 35

sarcolemma

Question 36

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

Answer 36

sarcoplasm

Question 37

long protein cords occupying most of sarcoplasm

Answer 37

myofibrils

Question 38

carbohydrate stored to provide energy for exercise

Answer 38

glycogen

Question 39

red pigment, provides some oxygen needed for muscle activity

Answer 39

myoglobin

Question 40

thick filament is made of several hundred_____molecules

Answer 40

myosin

Question 41

thin filaments made of

Answer 41

actin

Question 42

tropomyosin

Answer 42

blocks the binding sites to the myosin

Question 43

troponin

Answer 43

small calcium binding protein on top of tropomyosin

Question 44

huge springy protein

Answer 44

titin

Question 45

which proteins are contractile proteins

Answer 45

actin and myosin

Question 46

which two proteins are regulatory proteins

Answer 46

tropomyosin and troponin

Question 47

protein that links actin in outermost myofilaments to membrane proteins that link to endomysium; transfers forces of muscle contraction to connective tissue ultimately leading to tendon

Answer 47

dystrophin

Question 48

why are striations in muscles

Answer 48

precise organization of myosin and actin in cardiac and skeletal muscles

Question 49

dark bands

Answer 49

A bands

Question 50

light bands

Answer 50

I bands

Question 51

thick filaments make up

Answer 51

a bands; h bands

Question 52

thin filaments make up part of

Answer 52

a band; only i band

Question 53

provides anchorage for thin filaments and elastic filaments

Answer 53

z disc

Question 54

segment from z disc to z disc; functional contractile unit of muscle fiber

Answer 54

sarcomere

Question 55

shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when nerve remains disconnected

Answer 55

denervation atrophy

Question 56

each muscle fiber is "taking orders" from how many motor neurons?

Answer 56

one

Question 57

one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it

Answer 57

motor unit

Question 58

motor unit; fine degree of control, 3-6 muscle fibers per neuron; hand and eye muscles

Answer 58

small motor unit

Question 59

motor unit; more strength than control; powerful contractions supplied by large motor units with hundreds of fibers

Answer 59

large motor units

Question 60

point where nerve fiber meets target

Answer 60

synapse

Question 61

point where nerve meets muscle fiber

Answer 61

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Question 62

swollen end of nerve fiber

Answer 62

synaptic terminal

Question 63

gap between synaptic terminal and sarcolemma

Answer 63

synaptic cleft

Question 64

what is the resting membrane potential of skeletal muscles

Answer 64

-90 mV