Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
structure
structure
physiology
function
looking
inspection
feeling
palpation
listening
auscultation
tapping
percussion
cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships
cadaver dissection
study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution
comparative anatomy
former common method of diagnosing disorders
exploratory surgery
techniques allow for viewing the inside of the body without surgery
medical imaging
branch of medicine concerned with imaging
radiology
study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
gross anatomy
examination of tissues with microscope
histology
microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease
histopathology
study of structure and function of cells
cytology
viewing details with an electron microscope
ultrastructure
study of function
physiology
study of different species to learn about body functions
comparative physiology
process of making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions
inductive method
proof in science is determined by
reliable observations, repeatedly confirmed, not falsified by any credible observation
all truth is
tentative
investigator formulates hypothesis
hypothetico-deductive method
a good hypothesis is
consistent with what is already known and is capable of being tested and possibly falsified
if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong
falsifiability
number of subjects in a study
sample size
group that resembles treatment group but does not receive treatment; to judge if treatment has effect
control group
effects of subjects state of mind on her or his physiology
psychosomatic effects
avoided with double blind study
experimenter bias
what is a placebo
fake/sugar pill
provides statement of probability that treatment was effect
statistical testing
critical evaluation by other experts in field
peer review
information that can be independently verified
scientific fact
generalization about the predictable ways matter and energy behave
law of nature
explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
theory
change in genetic composition of population of organisms
evolution
principle theory of how evolution works; some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors- enables them to produce more offspring, making such characteristics more common in successive generations
natural selection
forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others
selection pressures
inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures and that enable an organism to succeed
adaptations
hierarchy of complexity
atoms<molecules<organelles<cells<tissues<organs<organ systems<organism
theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components
reductionism
theory that emergent properties of the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts
holism
when are people determined to be dead
when a person has no brain waves for 24 hours, no reflexes, respiration or heartbeat other than what is provided by artificial life support
living things that exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things
organization
living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells
cellular composition
sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion)
metabolism
ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)
responsiveness
movement of organism and/or of substances
characteristics of life
maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes
homeostasis
differentiation and growth
development
producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring
reproduction
changes in genes from one generation to the next
evolution of a population
ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
homeostasis
internal state of body
dynamic equilibrium
feedback loop; senses change and reverses it
negative feedback
if too warm
blood vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins
if too cold
vessels constrict and shivering begins
component of feedback loop: structure that senses change in body
receptor
component of feedback loop: control center that processes the sensory information “makes a decision” and directs the response
integrating control center
component of a feedback loop: cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis
effector
feedback loop: self amplifying cycle
positive feedback loop
difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points
gradient
imaging technique: electromagnetic waves of very short length; amount of absorption depends on density of matter; best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structure; blurry 2D
X ray
imaging technique: takes successive X rays around a persons full circumference; computer translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section; good images of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels
computed (axial) tomography (CT/CAT)
imaging technique: injected contrast medium highlights blood vessel structure; digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
angiography
imaging technique: forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body; indicates regions of cellular activity; can detect cancer before CT or MRI
positron emission tomography (PET) scan
imaging technique: body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues; relatively inexpensive and safer; imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus
sonography
imaging techniques: produces high quality images of soft tissues; distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content; uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to detect hydrogen; functional____ can detect blood oxygen
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
