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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Histology Flashcards

1
Q

structure

A

structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

function

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3
Q

looking

A

inspection

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4
Q

feeling

A

palpation

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5
Q

listening

A

auscultation

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6
Q

tapping

A

percussion

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7
Q

cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

A

cadaver dissection

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8
Q

study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

A

comparative anatomy

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9
Q

former common method of diagnosing disorders

A

exploratory surgery

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10
Q

techniques allow for viewing the inside of the body without surgery

A

medical imaging

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11
Q

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

A

radiology

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12
Q

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

A

gross anatomy

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13
Q

examination of tissues with microscope

A

histology

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14
Q

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

A

histopathology

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15
Q

study of structure and function of cells

A

cytology

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16
Q

viewing details with an electron microscope

A

ultrastructure

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17
Q

study of function

A

physiology

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18
Q

study of different species to learn about body functions

A

comparative physiology

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19
Q

process of making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions

A

inductive method

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20
Q

proof in science is determined by

A

reliable observations, repeatedly confirmed, not falsified by any credible observation

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21
Q

all truth is

A

tentative

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22
Q

investigator formulates hypothesis

A

hypothetico-deductive method

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23
Q

a good hypothesis is

A

consistent with what is already known and is capable of being tested and possibly falsified

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24
Q

if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

A

falsifiability

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25
Q

number of subjects in a study

A

sample size

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26
Q

group that resembles treatment group but does not receive treatment; to judge if treatment has effect

A

control group

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27
Q

effects of subjects state of mind on her or his physiology

A

psychosomatic effects

28
Q

avoided with double blind study

A

experimenter bias

29
Q

what is a placebo

A

fake/sugar pill

30
Q

provides statement of probability that treatment was effect

A

statistical testing

31
Q

critical evaluation by other experts in field

A

peer review

32
Q

information that can be independently verified

A

scientific fact

33
Q

generalization about the predictable ways matter and energy behave

A

law of nature

34
Q

explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

A

theory

35
Q

change in genetic composition of population of organisms

A

evolution

36
Q

principle theory of how evolution works; some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors- enables them to produce more offspring, making such characteristics more common in successive generations

A

natural selection

37
Q

forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others

A

selection pressures

38
Q

inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures and that enable an organism to succeed

A

adaptations

39
Q

hierarchy of complexity

A

atoms<molecules<organelles<cells<tissues<organs<organ systems<organism

40
Q

theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components

A

reductionism

41
Q

theory that emergent properties of the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts

A

holism

42
Q

when are people determined to be dead

A

when a person has no brain waves for 24 hours, no reflexes, respiration or heartbeat other than what is provided by artificial life support

43
Q

living things that exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things

A

organization

44
Q

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

A

cellular composition

45
Q

sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion)

A

metabolism

46
Q

ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

A

responsiveness

47
Q

movement of organism and/or of substances

A

characteristics of life

48
Q

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes

A

homeostasis

49
Q

differentiation and growth

A

development

50
Q

producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring

A

reproduction

51
Q

changes in genes from one generation to the next

A

evolution of a population

52
Q

ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

A

homeostasis

53
Q

internal state of body

A

dynamic equilibrium

54
Q

feedback loop; senses change and reverses it

A

negative feedback

55
Q

if too warm

A

blood vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

56
Q

if too cold

A

vessels constrict and shivering begins

57
Q

component of feedback loop: structure that senses change in body

A

receptor

58
Q

component of feedback loop: control center that processes the sensory information “makes a decision” and directs the response

A

integrating control center

59
Q

component of a feedback loop: cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

A

effector

60
Q

feedback loop: self amplifying cycle

A

positive feedback loop

61
Q

difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

A

gradient

62
Q

imaging technique: electromagnetic waves of very short length; amount of absorption depends on density of matter; best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structure; blurry 2D

A

X ray

63
Q

imaging technique: takes successive X rays around a persons full circumference; computer translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section; good images of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels

A

computed (axial) tomography (CT/CAT)

64
Q

imaging technique: injected contrast medium highlights blood vessel structure; digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

A

angiography

65
Q

imaging technique: forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body; indicates regions of cellular activity; can detect cancer before CT or MRI

A

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

66
Q

imaging technique: body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues; relatively inexpensive and safer; imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus

A

sonography

67
Q

imaging techniques: produces high quality images of soft tissues; distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content; uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to detect hydrogen; functional____ can detect blood oxygen

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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