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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Ch 12: Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 12: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

combines behavioral and life sciences

A

neurobiology

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2
Q

which two systems maintain internal coordination?

A

endocrine and nervous system

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3
Q

system: communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

system: employs electrical and chemical means to send messages from cell to cell

A

nervous system

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5
Q

3 steps of nervous system

A

1: sense organs receive information and transmit coded messages to the brain and spinal cord (CNS: central nervous system)
2. CNS processes this information, relates it to past experiences and determines appropriate response
3. CNS issues commands to muscles and gland cells to carry out such a response

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6
Q

what are the two major subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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7
Q

what is the central nervous system made up of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system composed of?

A

the entire nervous system except the brain and spinal cord: composed of nerves and ganglia

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

a bundle of nerve fibers

A

nerve

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11
Q

a cluster of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglion

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12
Q

peripheral nervous system contains ________ and _______ divisions each with ____________ and __________subdivisions

A

sensory, motor, somatic, visceral

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13
Q

division: carries signals from receptors to CNS

A

sensory

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14
Q

division: carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

A

somatic sensory division

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15
Q

carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder)

A

visceral sensory division

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16
Q

division: carries signals from CNS to effectors

A

motor (efferent) division

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17
Q

division: carries signals TO skeletal muscles

A

somatic motor division

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18
Q

division: carries signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle

A

visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)

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19
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system)

A

sympathetic division, parasympathetic division

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20
Q

division: tends to arouse body for action, accelerates heart beat and respiration, while inhibiting digestive and urinary systems

A

sympathetic division

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21
Q

division: tends to have calming effect; slows heart rate and breathing, stimulates digestive and urinary systems

A

parasympathetic division

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22
Q

universal properties of neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, secretion

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23
Q

property of neuron: respond to environmental changes called stimuli

A

excitability (irritability)

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24
Q

property of neuron: respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals that are quickly conducted to other cells at distant locations

A

conductivity

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25
Q

property of neuron: when an electrical signal reaches the end of nerve fiber, the cell secretes a chemical neurotransmitter than influences the next cell

A

secretion

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26
Q

kind of neuron that detects stimuli and transmits information towards the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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27
Q

kind of neuron; lies entirely within CNS connecting motor and sensory pathways (about 90% of all neurons); receives signals from many neurons and carries out integrative functions (makes decisions on responses)

A

interneuron (association neuron)

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28
Q

kind of neuron; send signals out to muscles and gland cells (the effectors)

A

motor (efferent) neuron

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29
Q

control center of neuron

A

soma (aka cell body or neurosoma)

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30
Q

what are the two things a neuron does not have?

A

centrioles; mitosis

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31
Q

tapered off branches that come off soma; primary site for receiving signals from other neurons

A

dendrites

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32
Q

originates from the soma at the axon hillock; cylindrical, relatively unbranched for most of its length; specialized for rapid conduction of signals away from soma

A

axon (nerve fiber)

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33
Q

branches of axon

A

axon collaterals

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34
Q

cytoplasm of neuron

A

axoplasm

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35
Q

neuron plasma membrane

A

axolemma

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36
Q

how many axons per neuron

A

only 1

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37
Q

little swelling that forms a junction with the next cell

A

synaptic terminal

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38
Q

one axon; multiple dentrites; most common- most neurons in CNS

A

multipolar neuron

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39
Q

one axon and one dendrite; olfactory cells, retina, inner ear

A

bipolar neuron

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40
Q

single process leading away from soma; sensory cells from skin and organs to spinal cord

A

unipolar neuron

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41
Q

many dendrites but no axon; retina, brain, and adrenal gland

A

anaxonic neuron

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42
Q

two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other material along an axon

A

axonal transport

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43
Q

movement down the axon away from soma

A

anterograde transport

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44
Q

movement up the axon towards the soma

A

retrograde transport

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45
Q

what guides materials along axon

A

microtubules

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46
Q

motor proteins carry materials on their backs while they crawl along microtubules. what are two motor proteins

A

kinesin; dynein

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47
Q

motor proteins in anterograde transport

A

kinesin

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48
Q

motor proteins in retrograde transport

A

dynein

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49
Q

what mode of axonal transport do organelles, enzymes, synaptic vesicles, and small molecules use?

A

fast anterograde transport

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50
Q

what mode of transport do recycled materials and pathogens use?

A

fast retrograde transport

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51
Q

is slow axonal transport retrograde or anterograde

A

ALWAYS anterograde

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52
Q

what transport moves enzymes, cytoskeletal components, and new axoplasm down the axon during repair and regeneration of damaged axons?

A

slow axonal transport

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53
Q

about how many neurons in the nervous system

A

1 trillion neurons

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54
Q

cells: protect neurons and help them function; outnumber neurons 10 to 1; bind neurons together and form framework for nervous tissue; in fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination

A

neuroglia or glial cells

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55
Q

what are the 4 types of glia in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes

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56
Q

type of glia- form myelin sheaths in CNS that speed signal conduction

A

oligodendrocytes

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57
Q

type of glia: line internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ependymal cells

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58
Q

type of glia: wander through CNS looking for debris and damage

A

microglia

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59
Q

most abundant glial cell in CNS with diverse functions: forms supportive framework, extensions contact capillaries and stimulate them to form blood brain barrier, convert glucose to lactate and supply this to neurons, secrete nerve growth factors, communicate electrically with neurons, regulate chemical composition of tissue fluid by absorbing excess neurotransmitters and ions

A

astrocytes

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60
Q

when neuron is damaged, astrocytes form hardened scar tissue and fill in space

A

astrocytosis or sclerosis

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61
Q

what are the only two types of glia in the PNS?

A

schwann cells and satellite cells

62
Q

type of glia- envelope nerve fibers in pns to produce a myelin sheath; assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

A

schwann cells

63
Q

type of glial cells: surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS, provide electrical insulation and regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

A

satellite cells

64
Q

insulation around a nerve fiber; formed by oligodendrocytes in CNS and Schwann cells in PNS; consists of the plasma membrane of glial cells

A

myelin sheath

65
Q

production of myelin sheath; begins at week 14 of fetal development, proceeds rapidly during infancy, completed in late adolescence, dietary fat is important to CNS development

A

myelination

66
Q

thick outermost coil of myelin sheath, contains nucleus and most of its cytoplasm; external to neurilemma is basal lamina and a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue (endoneurium)

A

neurilemma

67
Q

do nerve fibers in CNS have a neurilemma or endoneurium?

A

no

68
Q

gap between segments on myelin sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

69
Q

myelin covered segments from one gap to the next

A

internodes

70
Q

short section of nerve fiber between axon hillock and first glial cell

A

initial segment

71
Q

the axon hillock and the initial segment

A

trigger zone

72
Q

masses of rapidly dividing cells

A

tumors

73
Q

what do brain tumors arise from?

A

meninges (protective membranes of CNS), metastasis from nonneuronal tumors in other organs, glial cells that are mitotically active throughout life

74
Q

grow rapidly and are highly malignant; blood brain barrier decreases effectiveness of chemo; treatment is radiation or surgery

A

gliomas

75
Q

disease; oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in the CNS deteriorate; myelin replaced by hardened scar tissue; nerve conduction disrupted (double vision, tremors, numbness, speech defects ; no cure (onset from 20-40; fatal from 25 to 30) cause may be autoimmune triggered by virus

A

multiple sclerosis

76
Q

disease: abnormal accumulation of glycolipid called GM2 in myelin sheath, normally decomposed by lysosomal enzyme that is missing in individuals homozygous for this allele; accumulation of ganglioside disrupts conduction of nerve signals; blindness, loss of coordination and dementia; fatal before age 4

A

tay-sachs disease

77
Q

speed at which nerve signal travels along surface of nerve fiber depends on two factors

A

diameter (larger=faster)and presence of myelin (myelin speeds conduction)

78
Q

where are slow signals sent?

A

gastrointestinal tract

79
Q

where are fast signals sent?

A

to skeletal muscles where speed improves balance and coordinated body movement

80
Q

what are the conditions of regenerating a peripheral nerve fiber?

A

some intact; neurilemma remains

81
Q

can regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in the CNS occur?

A

no

82
Q

protein secreted by a gland, muscle, or glial cells and picked up by the axon terminals of neurons; prevents apoptosis in growing neurons; enables growing neurons to make contact with their targets

A

nerve growth factor

83
Q

study of cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials and currents (basis for neural communication and muscle contraction)

A

electrophysiology

84
Q

a difference in concentration of charged particles between one point and another

A

electric potential

85
Q

cells have more ___________ particles on the _________ of membrane than outside

A

negative, inside

86
Q

flow of charged particles from one point to another

A

electrical current

87
Q

movements of ions

A

currents

88
Q

exists because of unequal electrolyte distribution between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

A

resting membrane potential

89
Q

resting membrane potential results from what 3 factors?

A

concentration gradient, selective permeability, electrical attraction

90
Q

which ion has the greatest influence on RMP

A

potassium (plasma membrane more permeable to potassium than any other ion; leaks out until electrical charge of cytoplasmic anions attracts it back in and equilibrium is reached no more movement of k+)

91
Q

cannot escape due to size or charge

A

cytoplasmic anions

92
Q

membrane is not very permeable to

A

sodium

93
Q

changes in membrane potential of a neuron occurring at and nearby the part of the cell where gated channels are stimulated

A

local potentials

94
Q

change in membrane potential toward zero mV (entry of positive ion; cell less negative)

A

depolarization

95
Q

properties of local potentials

A

graded (vary in magnitude with stimulus strength), decremental (get weaker the farther they spread from the point of stimulation), reversible (if stimulation ceases, the cell quickly returns to its normal resting potential), either excitatory or inhibitory (neurotransmitters make the membrane potential more negative- hyperpolarize it so it becomes less likely to produce action potential

96
Q

dramatic change in membrane polarity produced by voltage gated ion channel

A

action potential

97
Q

what are the characteristics of action potential?

A

all or none law (if threshold is reached, neuron fires at its maximum voltage, if threshold is not reach, it does not fire, nondecremental- does not get weaker with distance, irreversible- once started goes to complete and cannot be stopped)

98
Q

time during an action potential, and for a few milliseconds after when it is difficult or impossible to stimulate that region of a neuron to fire again

A

refractory period

99
Q

what are the two phases of the refractory period

A

absolute refractory period and relative refractory period

100
Q

no stimulus of any strenth will trigger AP; lasts as long as Na+ channels are open then inactivated until RMP is established

A

absolute refractory period

101
Q

only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP; k+ channels are still open and any effect of incoming Na+ is opposed by outgoing K+; generally lasts until hyperpolarization ends

A

relative refractory period

102
Q

have voltage gated channels along entire length

A

unmyelinated fibers

103
Q

signals seem to jump from node to node

A

saltatory conduction

104
Q

which fibers use saltatory conduction

A

myelinated

105
Q

two neurons needed for synapses

A

presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron

106
Q

releases neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic neuron

107
Q

responds to neurotransmitter

A

postsynaptic neuron

108
Q

gap between neurons

A

synaptic cleft

109
Q

occur between some neurons, neuroglia, and cardiac and single unit smooth muscles

A

electrical synapses

110
Q

ions diffuse through the gap junctions from one cell to the next

A

gap junctions

111
Q

molecules that are released when a signal reaches a synaptic terminal that binds to a receptor on another cell and alters that cells physiology

A

neurotransmitters

112
Q

4 major chemical categories of neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, amino acid neurotransmitters, monoamines, neuropeptides

113
Q

neurotransmitter- formed in acetic acid and choline

A

acetylcholine

114
Q

neurotransmitter: includes glycine, glutamate, aspartate, and aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

amino acid neurotransmitters

115
Q

neurotransmitter: includes catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

A

monoamines

116
Q

neurotransmitter: chains of 2-40 amino acids; includes cholecystokinin

A

neuropeptides

117
Q

chemicals secreted by neuron that have long term effects on groups of neurons

A

neuromodulartor

118
Q

the ability to process, store and recall info, and use it to make decisions

A

neural integration

119
Q

what allows for decision making?

A

chemical synapses

120
Q

based on the postynaptic potentials produced by neurotransmitters

A

neural integration

121
Q

voltage change from RMP toward threshold

A

excitatory postynaptic potential

122
Q

occurs when the cells voltage becomes more negative than it is when its at rest (less likely to fire)

A

inhibitory postynaptic potential

123
Q

the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect

A

summation

124
Q

occurs when a single synapse generates EPSPs so quickly that each is generated before the next one fades

A

temporal summation

125
Q

occurs when EPSPs from several different synapses add up to threshold at an axon hillock

A

spatial summation

126
Q

process in which one neuron enhances effect of another

A

facilitation

127
Q

process in which one presynaptic neuron suprresses another one (opposite of facilitation)

A

presynaptic inhibition

128
Q

way the nervous system converts information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials

A

neuron coding

129
Q

depends on which nerves fire

A

qualitative information

130
Q

information about the intensity of a stimulus

A

quantitative information

131
Q

neurons function in large groups, each of which consist of thousands of interneurons concerned with a particular body function

A

neural pools

132
Q

one nerve fiber branches and synapses with several postsynaptic cells

A

diverging circuit

133
Q

input from many different nerve fibers can be funneled to one neuron or neural pool

A

converging circuit

134
Q

neurons stimulate each other in linear sequence but one of more of the later cells restimulates the first cell to start the process all over

A

reverberating circuits

135
Q

input neuron diverges to stimulate several chains of neurons

A

parallel after discharge circuits

136
Q

physical basis of memory is pathway through brain called

A

memory trace/engram

137
Q

the ability of synapses to change

A

synaptic plasticity

138
Q

the process of making transmission easier

A

synaptic potentiation

139
Q

what are the kinds of memory

A

immediate, short, and long term

140
Q

ability to hold something in thoughts for a few seconds; needed for reading

A

immediate

141
Q

memory lasts from seconds to a few hours

A

short term memory

142
Q

rapid arrival of repetitive signals at a synapse may foster brief memories

A

tetanic stimulation

143
Q

appears to be involved in jogging memory from a few hours ago

A

posttetanic protentiation

144
Q

memory may last a lifetime and can hold more info that short term memory

A

long term memory

145
Q

types of long term memory

A

declarative and procedural

146
Q

retention of events you can put into words

A

declarative

147
Q

retention of motor skills

A

procedural

148
Q

disease: atrophy of gyri folds in cerebral cortex, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques; formation of protein from breakdown product of plasma membranes

A

alzheimers

149
Q

disease: progressive loss of motor function; degeneration of dopamine releasing neurones of the substantia nigra resulting in inhibition of motor cortex

A

parkinsons disease

150
Q

disease: associated with degeneration of caudate and putamen resulting in overactivation of motor cortex (characterized by jerky movements)

A

huntingtons disease

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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