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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 5: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

how many cells are in the human body?

A

50 trillion

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2
Q

how many cell types are in the human body?

A

200

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3
Q

what are the four broad categories of tissues?

A
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • muscular tissue
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4
Q

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

A

organ

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5
Q

study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

A

histology

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6
Q

group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ

A

tissue

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7
Q

4 primary tissues differ from each other in

A

types and functions of cells, characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material), relative amount of space occupied by cells vs. matrix

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8
Q

matrix composed of

A

fibers, clear gel called ground substances (aka tissue fluid extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, tissue gel

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9
Q

how many germ layers do embryonic tissues have?

A

3

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10
Q

what gives rise to epidermis and nervous system?

A

ectoderm (outer)

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11
Q

what gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things?

A

endoderm (inner)

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12
Q

what becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme?

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, blood

A

mesenchyme

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14
Q

what do histologists use to prevent decay and preserve tissue sections?

A

fixative

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15
Q

tissue cut on its long axis

A

longitudinal section

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16
Q

tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ

A

cross section/ transverse section

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17
Q

tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections

A

oblique

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18
Q

tissue is rubbed across a slide (i.e blood; liquid tissue)

A

smear

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19
Q

some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide (ex. areolar tissue; soft tissue)

A

spread

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20
Q

sheets of closely adhering cells; one or more cells thick; cover body surfaces and line body cavities; upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body; constitutes most glands

A

epithelia

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21
Q

what is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

protect, produce and release secretions, excrete waste, absorb, filter substances, sense stimuli

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22
Q

what are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. polarity, 2. specialized contacts, 3. supported by connective tissues, 4. avascular, but innervated, 5. regeneration
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23
Q

what are the two sides of epithelial tissue?

A

apical surface and basal surface

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24
Q

what does the apical surface face?

A

upper free side; top; outwards towards surface or cavity

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25
Q

what does the basal surface face?

A

attached side; bottom; inwards towards body

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26
Q

tight junctions and desmosomes are both?

A

lateral contacts

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27
Q

does epithelial tissue contain blood vessels?

A

no

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28
Q

does epithelial tissue contain nerves?

A

yes

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29
Q

multiple layers of cells ____________

A

stratified

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30
Q

one layer of cells

A

simple

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31
Q

flat cells__________

A

squamous

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32
Q

cube cells_________

A

cuboidal

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33
Q

cells taller than they are wide_______________

A

columnar

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34
Q

most diverse and most abundant type of tissue

A

connective

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35
Q

what are the functions of connective tissue?

A

supports, connects, and protects organs; binding of organs, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport

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36
Q

4 main classes of connective tissues

A

connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

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37
Q

all connective tissues have 3 main elements___________________

A

ground substance, fibers, cells

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38
Q

what makes up the extracellular matrix?

A

ground substance and fibers

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39
Q

unstructured gel like material that fills space between cells

A

ground substance

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40
Q

what does ground substance consist of?

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars, uronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins

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41
Q

what are the 3 types of fibers of fibrous connective tissue?

A

collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers

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42
Q

most abundant of the body’s proteins, tough flexible and stretch resistant, tendons, ligaments and deep layer of the skin are mostly this

A

collageneous fibers

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43
Q

thin, highly branched collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, form framework of spleen and lymph nodes

A

reticular fibers

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44
Q

thinner than collagenous fibers, made of protein called elastin; allows stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

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45
Q

immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers

A

blast cells

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46
Q

mature, less active form of cell that now becomes part of and help maintain health of matrix

A

cyte cells

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47
Q

where are fibroblasts?

A

connective tissue proper

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48
Q

where are chondroblasts found?

A

cartilage

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49
Q

where are osteoblasts found?

A

bone

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50
Q

where are hematopoietic stem cells found?

A

bone marrow

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51
Q

phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter

A

macrophages

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52
Q

white blood cells

A

leukocytes

53
Q

white blood cells that attack bacteria

A

neutrophils

54
Q

white blood cells that react against bacteria toxins, and other foreign agents

A

lymphocytes

55
Q

synthesize antibodies

A

plasma cells

56
Q

cells often found alongside blood vessels; secrete heparin to inhibit clotting; secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels

A

mast cells

57
Q

what does heparin do?

A

inhibit clotting

58
Q

what does histamine do?

A

dilate blood vessels

59
Q

___________store triglycerides

A

adipocytes

60
Q

tissue specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals; regulates and controls body functions

A

nervous tissue

61
Q

what two specialized cells is nervous tissue made of?

A

neurons and neuroglia

62
Q

what kind of cells detect stimuli and transmit coded info rapidly to other cells? (nerve cells)

A

neurons

63
Q

what kind of cells protect, insulate and support neurons, and are more numerous than neurons?

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

64
Q

what kind of tissue is composed of cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation? (primary job is to exert physical force; creates movement involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation; important source of body heat)

A

muscular tissue

65
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue

66
Q

found in skeletal muscle; voluntary

A

skeletal muscle tissue

67
Q

found in walls of heart; involuntary

A

cardiac muscle tissue

68
Q

mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart; involuntary

A

smooth muscle tissue

69
Q

connections between two cells

A

cell junctions

70
Q

where are cells anchored?

A

to each other or their matrix

71
Q

linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell adhesion proteins; located near apical pole in epithelia; seals off intercellular space, making it difficult for a substance to pass between cells

A

tight junctions

72
Q

patches that hold cells together (like clothing snap) keeps cells from pulling apart- resist mechanical stress

A

desmosome

73
Q

anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane

A

hemidesmosome (half desmosome)

74
Q

formed by ring like connexons; ions nutrients and other small solutes pass between cells; located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue

A

gap (communicating) junctions

75
Q

cell/organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in body or releases them for elimination from body (usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule

A

gland

76
Q

product useful to body

A

secretion

77
Q

waste product

A

excretion

78
Q

maintain their contact with surface by way of duct (kind of gland)

A

exocrine gland (ex of surface: sweat tear/ pancreas, salivary gland

79
Q

no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood (kind of gland)

A

endocrine gland

80
Q

chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body

A

hormones

81
Q

found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory (can be exocrine or endocrine)

A

unicellular glands

82
Q

connective tissue covering of an exocrine gland

A

capsule

83
Q

connective tissue framework of the gland; supports and organizes the glandular tissue

A

stroma

84
Q

consists of cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion; typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium

A

parenchyma

85
Q

duct shape (unbranched)

A

simple

86
Q

duct shape (branched)

A

compound

87
Q

gland shape: narrow secretory portion

A

tubular

88
Q

gland shape: secretory cells form dilated sac (acinus or alveolus)

A

acinar

89
Q

gland shape: both tubular and acinar portions

A

tubloacinar

90
Q

type of secretion: produce thin, watery secretions; perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices

A

serious glands

91
Q

type of secretion: produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

A

mucous glands

92
Q

unicellular mucous glands

A

goblet cells

93
Q

type of secretion: contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

A

mixed glands

94
Q

types of secretions: release whole cells (sperm and egg cells)

A

cytogenic glands

95
Q

what are the 3 modes of secretion

A

merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine

96
Q

mode of secretion that uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis ex. tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands

A

merocrine secretion

97
Q

mode of secretion: a lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface

A

apocrine secretion

98
Q

mode of secretion: cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate ex. oil glands of scalp skin and eyelids

A

holocrine secretion

99
Q

what kind of tissues can membranes be?

A

membranes can be only epithelial, only connective or a mix of epithelial, connective and muscular tissues?

100
Q

what are 3 major types of membranes?

A

cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, serious membranes

101
Q

largest membrane in body; composed of stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of dermis function is protection

A

cutaneous membrane (skin)

102
Q

this membrane lines passages that open to the external environment (i.e digestive tract)

A

mucous membrane

103
Q

internal membranes that are closed to the exterior; simple suqamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue

A

serous membrane

104
Q

growth through cell multiplication

A

hyperplasia

105
Q

enlargement of preexisting cells

A

hypertrophy

106
Q

development of a tumor; benign or malignant; composed of abnormal; nonfunctional tissue

A

neoplasia

107
Q

development of a more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue

A

differentiation

108
Q

changing from one type of mature tissue to another

A

metaplasia

109
Q

undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function

A

stem cells

110
Q

ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types

A

developmental plasticity

111
Q

stem cells that have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy (from cells of very early embryo)

A

totipotent embryonic stem cell

112
Q

stem cells that can develop into any type of cell in the embryo but not accessory organs of pregnancy (from cells of inner cell mass of embryo : blastocyst)

A

pluripotent embryonic stem cell

113
Q

undifferentiated cells found in mature organs

A

adult stem cell

114
Q

adult stem cell able to develop into two or more cell line (i.e bone marrow stem cell)

A

multipotent

115
Q

adult stem cell only able to produce one kind of cell tyoe

A

unipotent

116
Q

replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before; restores normal function

A

regeneration

117
Q

replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue; does not restore function

A

fibrosis

118
Q

shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number

A

atrophy

119
Q

kind of atrophy ; occurs through normal aging

A

senile atrophy

120
Q

kind of atrophy; from lack of use

A

disuse atrophy

121
Q

pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections

A

necrosis

122
Q

sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off

A

infarction

123
Q

tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually with infection)

A

gangrene

124
Q

bed sore; form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood flow

A

decubitus ulcer

125
Q

kind of gangrene: common complication of diabetes

A

dry gangrene

126
Q

kind of gangrene; liquefaction of internal organs with infection

A

wet gangrene

127
Q

kind of gangrene; usually from infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues

A

gas gangrene

128
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

129
Q

artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body

A

tissue engineering

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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