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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Chapter 7: Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

organ system composed of bones cartilages and ligaments

A

skeletal system

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2
Q

forerunner of most bones; covers many joint surfaces of mature bones; made up of cells called CHONDROCYTES and jelly like ground substance and fibers

A

cartilage

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3
Q

hold bones together at joints

A

ligaments

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4
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

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5
Q

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage; resists outward expansion due to pressure

A

perichondrium

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6
Q

what are the 3 kinds of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

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7
Q

most abundant cartilage; chondrocytes appear spherical; collagen is the only fiber in the matrix; found in nose, ends of most bones, costal cartilages, larynx, and trachea; provides support through flexibility

A

hyaline cartilage (glass)

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8
Q

type of cartilage; contains many elastic fibers as well; able to tolerate repeated bending

A

elastic cartilage

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9
Q

type of cartilage: an intermediate between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue; resists strong compression and strong tension; consists of rows of thick collagen fibers; locations- pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, anulus fibrosus ligaments in discs between vertebrae

A

fibrocartilage

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10
Q

function of skeleton: limb bones and vertebrae support body; jaw bones support teeth; some bones support viscera

A

support

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11
Q

function of skeleton: buffers blood against large pH changes by altering phosphate and carbonate salt levels

A

acid base balance

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12
Q

function of skeleton: red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells

A

blood formation

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13
Q

function of skeleton: calcium and phosphate levels

A

electrolyte balance

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14
Q

connective tissue that consists of cells fibers and ground substance

A

bone

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15
Q

what are the 4 principle types of bone cells?

A

osteogenic cells; osteoblasts; osteocytes; osteoclasts

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16
Q

stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

A

osteogenic cells

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17
Q

bone forming cells; nonmitotic; secrete osteocalcin

A

osteoblasts

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18
Q

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited (when stressed produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling (shape and density changes that are adaptive)

A

osteocytes

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19
Q

bone dissolving cells found on bone surface; same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells

A

osteoclasts

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20
Q

hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreas leading to bone formation; increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which limits the growth of adipose tissue

A

osteocalcin

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21
Q

collagen, carbohydrate-protein complexes, i.e glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

A

organic matter

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22
Q

85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt); 10% calcium carbonate; other minerals such as fluoride, sodium potassium, magnesium

A

inorganic matter

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23
Q

combination of ceramic and polymer

A

composite material

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24
Q

disease caused by mineral deficiency resulting in soft deformed bones

A

rickets

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25
Q

brittle bone disease; defect in collagen deposition

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

26
Q

layers of bone matrix in which all of the collagen fibers all run in the same direction (fibers of adjacent __________- always run in roughly opposite directions

A

lamellae

27
Q

what does spongy bone consist of ?

A

lattice of bone covered with endosteum, slivers of bone called spicules, thin plates of bone called trabeculae, spaces filled with red bone marrow; few osteons and no central canals; provides strength with minimal weight

28
Q

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone

A

bone marrow

29
Q

myeloid tissue; contains hemopoietic tissue, in nearly every bone in a child; found in the adult skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle and proximal heads of humerus and femur

A

red marrow

30
Q

fatty marrow that does not produce blood; can transform back into red marrow in case of chronic anemia

A

yellow marrow

31
Q

formation of bone (two names)

A

osteogenesis; ossification

32
Q

type of ossification; formed directly from mesenchyme

A

intramembranous ossification

33
Q

type of ossification: develop initially from hyaline cartilage

A

endochondral ossification

34
Q

bone growth lengthwise

A

interstitial growth

35
Q

bone growth width

A

appositional growth

36
Q

where cartilage transitions to bone; functions as growth zone where bone elongates

A

epiphyseal plate

37
Q

condition where long bones stop growing in childhood (normal torso short limbs)

A

achondroplastic dwarfism

38
Q

condition with lack of growth hormone; normal proportions with short stature

A

pituitary dwarfism

39
Q

repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood, reshapes bones in response to use and disuse

A

bone remodeling

40
Q

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it

A

wolff’s law of bone

41
Q

process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

A

mineral deposition

42
Q

formation of calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ

A

abnormal calcification (ectopic ossification)

43
Q

calcified mass

A

calculus

44
Q

process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood

A

mineral resorption

45
Q

calcium deficiency

A

hypocalcemia

46
Q

excessive calcium

A

hypercalcemia

47
Q

most active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

48
Q

secreted by c cells of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise way too high

A

calcitonin

49
Q

secreted by parathyroid glands on the posterior surface of thyroid when calcium levels low in the blood

A

parathyroid hormone

50
Q

break caused by abnormal trauma to bone (i.e fall)

A

stress fracture

51
Q

break in bone weakened by disease

A

pathological fracture

52
Q

procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

A

closed reduction

53
Q

involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

A

open reduction

54
Q

normally used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone

A

cast

55
Q

aligns the bone fragments by overriding force of the strong thigh muscles

A

traction

56
Q

most common bone disease; severe loss of bone density

A

osteoporosis

57
Q

deformity of spine due to vertebral bone loss

A

kyphosis

58
Q

hormone that maintains bone density in both sexes inhibiting resorption by osteoclasts

A

estrogen

59
Q

excessive proliferation of osteoclasts and resoprtion on excess bone with osteoblasts attempting to compensate by depositing extra bone

A

osteitis deformans (Paget’s disease)

60
Q

inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow due to bacterial infection

A

osteomyelitis

61
Q

most common and deadly form of bone cancer

A

osteosarcoma

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (12 decks)

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