chapter 9: intelligence

Question 1

• Misusing the general lack of knowledge or info on an issue (a lack of knowledge is a kind of ignorance) to support an argument
• When someone claims a statement is true because there is not evidence against it
• Since the class has no questions about this topic, therefore, the class must be ready for the test
  You know that scientists can’t prove that UFOs do not visit the Earth, so it makes sense to believe them 👽

Answer 1

The appeal to ignorance

Question 2

• Occurs when a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object
• Treating mother nature as a person: “you can’t fool mother nature”

Answer 2

Reification
res - thing
ficare - make
thing-making

Question 3

• A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
• When a case is more normally distributed, most cases fall near the center of the distribution (an average score), and the number gradually declines as one moves away from the center in either direction.

Answer 3

normal distribution

Question 4

Involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing

Answer 4

fluid intelligence

Question 5

Involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving

Answer 5

Crystallized intelligence

Question 6

found that success and eminence appeared consistently in some families over generations, intelligence passed on through genetic inheritance

Answer 6

Sir Francis Galton

Question 7

• in 1904, he devised a test to identify mentally subnormal children
• scale expressed a child’s score in terms of “mental age”

Answer 7

Alfred Binet

Question 8

published the first high quality IQ test designed specifically for adults
WAIS is less dependent on verbal ability and included many items that required non-verbal ability

Answer 8

David Wechsler

Question 9

Which psychologist predicted a strong positive correlation between word fluency and perceptual speed because these abilities are controlled by the same underlying cognitive ability?
All cognitive abilities share an important core factor = G factor for mental ability

Answer 9

Charles Spearman

Question 10

An American psychologist who developed the test that evolved into the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). He concluded that intelligence involved 7 independent factors called primary mental abilities:
Word fluency
Verbal comprehension
Spatial ability
Perceptual speed
Numerical ability
Inductive reasoning
Memory

Answer 10

L. L Thurstone

Question 11

If a trait has a heritability estimate of 0.60, this means that …

Answer 11

60% of the variability in the trait is caused by genetic variability

Question 12

What has been proposed by researchers to explain the interaction between heredity and environment in the determination of intelligence?

Answer 12

Reaction range

Question 13

This model posits that heredity sets limits to one’s intelligence, and that environmental factors determine where people fall within these limits. How an individual’s genetic makeup and environment interact to determine their responses and attitudes.

Answer 13

Reaction range model

Question 14

Refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.

Answer 14

Validity

Question 15

According to the Binet-Simon scale, what is the mental age of a 6-year-old child who performed at a level of an 8 year old child on the same test?

Answer 15

8

Question 16

When William Stern developed a scale that determined the mental age of all children, regardless of age, on the same scale, what was he attempting to determine?

Answer 16

Intelligence quotient

Question 17

What have researchers found when examining the influence of heredity on intelligence?

Answer 17

Those with higher IQ scores tend to live longer

Question 18

Diana does well on exams, especially those that focus on abstract reasoning and evaluation. What type of intelligence is Diana strong in?

Answer 18

analytical

Question 19

According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, what type of intelligence would an architect, artist or engineer be especially strong in?

Answer 19

spatial

Question 20

What did Sternberg suggest about intelligence in his triarchic theory of successful intelligence?

Answer 20

All 3 facets can help improve predication of intelligent behaviour

Question 21

Nila is very good at working with others, and has a high degree of empathy and understanding. Which of Gardner’s human intelligence is Nila strong in?

Answer 21

Interpersonal

Question 22

What is represented by a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that shows how a specific characteristic is dispersed in a population?

Answer 22

normal distribution

Question 23

How can we determine that a test measures what it was designed to measure?

Answer 23

validity

Question 24

What have researchers found to be the correlation between education and scores on IQ tests?

Answer 24

Each additional year of schooling can increase IQ scores by 1-5 points

Question 25

What is used to measure the proportion of trait variability in a population determined by variations in genetic inheritance?

Answer 25

heritability ratio

Question 26

Nour wanted to conduct research on the environmental influences on intelligence. What might she use to conduct such studies?

Answer 26

adoption studies

Question 27

While there are a variety of potential explanations for the Flynn effect that are not mutually exclusive, what might be a reason for the increase in IQ scores over several decades?

Answer 27

Increased education and challenging curriculums

Question 28

Julius’s parents value education and provided Julius with a healthy, nurturing environment while growing up. According to the reaction range model, how should this affect Julius’s IQ score?

Answer 28

He should score at the high end of his potential IQ range

Question 29

How is the measure of IQ likely to change when a child comes from a low socioeconomic status?

Answer 29

There is about a 15-point deficit in average IQ score

Question 30

Imagine you have taken an intelligence test with a psychologist. When you get your results, the psychologist tells you that your overall score from the intelligence test places you in the 55th percentile. Which of the following reactions would be correct?

Answer 30

It looks like my performance was pretty similar to others my age

Question 31

What is the average and standard deviation of the normal distribution?

Answer 31

Average is 100; standard deviation is 15

Question 32

Sarah was told that her overall IQ score is 100. This means that…

Answer 32

Sarah’s score is 0 standard deviations from the mean and is at the 50th percentile

Question 33

American school districts often use IQ tests to aid in identifying students who may struggle with learning difficulties. In particular, those who score 2 standard deviations below the mean, are given the descriptive label of…

Answer 33

Intellectual disability

Question 34

Performances on IQ tests have steadily increased over generations

Answer 34

Flynn effect