chapter 9: intelligence Flashcards
- Misusing the general lack of knowledge or info on an issue (a lack of knowledge is a kind of ignorance) to support an argument
- When someone claims a statement is true because there is not evidence against it
- Since the class has no questions about this topic, therefore, the class must be ready for the test
You know that scientists can’t prove that UFOs do not visit the Earth, so it makes sense to believe them 👽
The appeal to ignorance
- Occurs when a hypothetical, abstract concept is given a name and then treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object
- Treating mother nature as a person: “you can’t fool mother nature”
Reification
res - thing
ficare - make
thing-making
- A symmetric, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population.
- When a case is more normally distributed, most cases fall near the center of the distribution (an average score), and the number gradually declines as one moves away from the center in either direction.
normal distribution
Involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of information processing
fluid intelligence
Involves ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills in problem solving
Crystallized intelligence
found that success and eminence appeared consistently in some families over generations, intelligence passed on through genetic inheritance
Sir Francis Galton
- in 1904, he devised a test to identify mentally subnormal children
- scale expressed a child’s score in terms of “mental age”
Alfred Binet
published the first high quality IQ test designed specifically for adults
WAIS is less dependent on verbal ability and included many items that required non-verbal ability
David Wechsler
Which psychologist predicted a strong positive correlation between word fluency and perceptual speed because these abilities are controlled by the same underlying cognitive ability?
All cognitive abilities share an important core factor = G factor for mental ability
Charles Spearman
An American psychologist who developed the test that evolved into the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). He concluded that intelligence involved 7 independent factors called primary mental abilities:
Word fluency
Verbal comprehension
Spatial ability
Perceptual speed
Numerical ability
Inductive reasoning
Memory
L. L Thurstone
If a trait has a heritability estimate of 0.60, this means that …
60% of the variability in the trait is caused by genetic variability
What has been proposed by researchers to explain the interaction between heredity and environment in the determination of intelligence?
Reaction range
This model posits that heredity sets limits to one’s intelligence, and that environmental factors determine where people fall within these limits. How an individual’s genetic makeup and environment interact to determine their responses and attitudes.
Reaction range model
Refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
Validity
According to the Binet-Simon scale, what is the mental age of a 6-year-old child who performed at a level of an 8 year old child on the same test?
8
When William Stern developed a scale that determined the mental age of all children, regardless of age, on the same scale, what was he attempting to determine?
Intelligence quotient
What have researchers found when examining the influence of heredity on intelligence?
Those with higher IQ scores tend to live longer
Diana does well on exams, especially those that focus on abstract reasoning and evaluation. What type of intelligence is Diana strong in?
analytical
According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, what type of intelligence would an architect, artist or engineer be especially strong in?
spatial
What did Sternberg suggest about intelligence in his triarchic theory of successful intelligence?
All 3 facets can help improve predication of intelligent behaviour
Nila is very good at working with others, and has a high degree of empathy and understanding. Which of Gardner’s human intelligence is Nila strong in?
Interpersonal
What is represented by a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that shows how a specific characteristic is dispersed in a population?
normal distribution
How can we determine that a test measures what it was designed to measure?
validity
What have researchers found to be the correlation between education and scores on IQ tests?
Each additional year of schooling can increase IQ scores by 1-5 points
What is used to measure the proportion of trait variability in a population determined by variations in genetic inheritance?
heritability ratio
Nour wanted to conduct research on the environmental influences on intelligence. What might she use to conduct such studies?
adoption studies
While there are a variety of potential explanations for the Flynn effect that are not mutually exclusive, what might be a reason for the increase in IQ scores over several decades?
Increased education and challenging curriculums
Julius’s parents value education and provided Julius with a healthy, nurturing environment while growing up. According to the reaction range model, how should this affect Julius’s IQ score?
He should score at the high end of his potential IQ range
How is the measure of IQ likely to change when a child comes from a low socioeconomic status?
There is about a 15-point deficit in average IQ score
Imagine you have taken an intelligence test with a psychologist. When you get your results, the psychologist tells you that your overall score from the intelligence test places you in the 55th percentile. Which of the following reactions would be correct?
It looks like my performance was pretty similar to others my age
What is the average and standard deviation of the normal distribution?
Average is 100; standard deviation is 15
Sarah was told that her overall IQ score is 100. This means that…
Sarah’s score is 0 standard deviations from the mean and is at the 50th percentile
American school districts often use IQ tests to aid in identifying students who may struggle with learning difficulties. In particular, those who score 2 standard deviations below the mean, are given the descriptive label of…
Intellectual disability
Performances on IQ tests have steadily increased over generations
Flynn effect
