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PSCYH1010 > Chapter 7 Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Memory Flashcards

1
Q
  • Stores a perfect picture of the world, but for a fraction of a section
  • Iconic (visual) captures the scene in front of us in perfect detail
  • Echoic (auditory) sensory memories, fragile and decays quickly
A

Sensory memory

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2
Q
  • Semi-permanent storage
    → info is lost after 20-30 seconds unless it is rehearsed
A

Short term memory

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3
Q
  • Knowledge that can be stored indefinitely (no limit)
    -info about yourself, about the world, how to do things
A

Long term memory

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4
Q
  • implicit memories
  • no effort put into remembering
  • ex: how did you get to school today?
  • feeling and knowing level without the narrative
A

Automatic processing

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5
Q
  • Explicit memories
  • material you want to acquire and remember
  • effort needed to make it memorable
A

Effortful processing

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6
Q
  • Memories you can tell someone
  • ex: factual info, explicit memories, “I was doing this last night…”
A

Declarative memory system

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7
Q
  • General knowledge, stored undated
  • Like an encyclopedia
  • Through direct learning
A

Semantic memory system
(semantic: meaning/interpretation of words, signs, and sentence structure)

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8
Q
  • Dated recollections of personal experiences
  • Your autobiography
  • Sense of time
  • ex: your fist kiss
A

Episodic memory system

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9
Q

A system that allows people to learn and perform skills without conscious awareness
- The how-to, brought up subconsciously
- ex: riding a bike, walking, drawing

A

Nondeclarative/procedural memory system

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10
Q

What are the 2 streams that memory is divided into?

A

Declarative and Non-declarative memory systems

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11
Q
  • After brain surgery, was not able to form any new memories (impaired episodic memory)
  • Unable to tell recall facts, ideas, and events from his life (impaired explicit memory)
  • Hippocampus removed in surgery
A

H.M - Henry Molaison

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12
Q
  • The proximity of these 2 structures in the brain allows memories to be intimately tied with emotion
  • Allows for experiences that have a strong emotional component to get stored very quickly
A

Amygdala and Hippocampus

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13
Q

Why do we forget?
Short term memories fail to get stored in long term memory

A
  • Ineffective coding: lack of attention in short-term memory
  • Decay: neurons don’t fire
  • Retrieval failure: can’t remember something in the moment
  • Interference: distracting thoughts and events
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14
Q
  • New learning interferes with retrieving old learning
  • ex: eyewitness testimony
A

Retroactive interference
(retrograde: directed or moving backward)
something happening now that affects the past

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15
Q
  • Old learning interferes with new learning
  • ex: new postal code when doing documents, and the old postal code comes to mind, preventing you from remember the new one
A

Proactive interference
(proactive: creating or controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than responding to it after it has happened)

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16
Q

You can’t remember the name of the 1st sushi restaurant you ever went to because you keep thinking of the sushi restaurant you most recently went to. What is the best explanation for why you can’t remember the name of the first sushi restaurant?

A

Retroactive memory
(retroactive refers to something happening now that affects the past)

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17
Q

Zach was nervous about his midterm exams, but he soon found that he was able to accurately recall the information. Which memory process accounts for Zach’s access and utilization of the information in his memory?

A

Retrieval (we assume that it was encoded, rehearsed)

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18
Q

According to Baddely’s model, information transferred from sensory memory to working memory by

A

attention

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19
Q

Milo’s calculating how much tip he should leave on the bill he’s sharing with his bro. Milo’s mental calculations are being accomplished by …

A

short-term memory

20
Q

When Laila sees the word “butter” she automatically thinks of the word “bread.” Collins and Loftus would argue that this is because of …

A

spreading activation

21
Q

Anita learned to speak Spanish growing up and is now trying to learn Italian at university. She finds she sometimes accidentally uses Spanish words when speaking Italian. Anita’s problem is BEST explained as being the result of …

A

Proactive interference

22
Q

Which of Schater’s “7 sins of memory” is reflected in the misinformation effect?

A

Suggestibility

23
Q

Bernie had part of his hippocampus removed during cancer surgery, and now Bernie has difficulty remembering experiences from one day to the next. Bernie is exhibiting ____ amnesia.

A

Anterograde
(directed forward in time)

24
Q

Khaibar’s new assistant in the shipping department is named Jon Snow. Khaibar keeps calling him “Joe,” mixing him up with the rock singer Joe Cocker.

A

Proactive interference (previous learning of Joe Cocker’s name interferes with new learning)

25
Q

Erica studied history on Sunday morning and biology on Sunday evening. It’s Monday, and she’s struggling with her history tests because she keeps mixing up prominent historians with influential biologists.

A

Retroactive interference (new learning of biology interferes with older learning of history

26
Q

Memory for factual information is called

A

declarative memory

27
Q

Type of memory apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that doesn’t require intentional remembering

A

implicit memory

28
Q

Chronological, or temporally dated, recollections or personal experiences is called …

A

episodic memory

29
Q

The repository of memories for actions; skills, operations, and conditioned responses is called …

A

procedural memory

30
Q

General knowledge, not tied to time when the info was learned …

A

semantic memory

31
Q

Remembering to perform future actions is called …

A

prospective memory
(prospective - future)

32
Q

This theory proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes

A

Levels of processing theory

33
Q

This level of processing involves physical structure of a stimulus (structural encoding)
ex: Is the word written in capital letters?

A

shallow processing

34
Q

This level pf processing is involves sound of stimulus (phonetic encoding)
ex: Does the word rhyme with weight?

A

intermediate processing

35
Q

This level of processing involves the meaning of a stimulus (semantic coding)
ex: Would the word fit in the sentence: “He met a __ on the street?”

A

Deep processing

36
Q

What are the 7 sins of memory?

A

Transience - memory weakens over time

Absentmindedness - failure to pay attention

Blocking - failing to remember in the moment

Misattribution - assigning a memory to the wrong source

Suggestibility - memory errors impact accuracy of our memories

Bias - current feelings distort memories of past events

Persistence - memories that haunt you, can’t forget

37
Q

Involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia. (Before amnesia)
- Ex: A 25 year old gymnast who sustains a head injury might find the prior 3 years, or 7 years, or her entire life-time erased

A

Retrograde amnesia

38
Q

Involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia. (After amnesia)
- Ex: After the accident, the gymnast might suffer impaired ability to remember people she meets, where she has parked her car, and so on

A

Anterograde amnesia

39
Q

A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of new, unstable memories into stable, durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
Key word: STABLE

A

Consolidation

40
Q

unintentional remembering / no effort

A

implicit memory

41
Q

intentional remembering / effort put in

A

explicit memory

42
Q

Factual information

A

Declarative memory system

43
Q

procedural memories / the how-to

A

Non-declarative memory system

44
Q

encyclopedia (random)

A

Semantic memory system
(Semantic: meaning/interpretation of words)

45
Q

dated memories (sense of time)

A

Episodic memory system

46
Q

Remembering to perform actions in the future
- Ex: Walk the dog, call someone, turn of lights before going out

A

Prospective memory
(future)

47
Q

Remembering events from past or previously learned information
- Ex: high school days, what your prof taught last week

A

Retrospective memory:

PSCYH1010 (11 decks)

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