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PSCYH1010 > Chapter 3 : The Biological Bases of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3 : The Biological Bases of Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

The bundle of fibres that connects the cerebral hemispheres (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures.

A

Split-brain surgery

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2
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Verbl processing, including language, speech, reading, writing

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3
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain control?

A

Nonverbal processing, including spatial and muscial processing, and visual recognition tasks

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4
Q

Threadlike strands of DNA that carry information

A

Chromosome

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5
Q

DNA segments that are the key functional units in hereditary transmission

A

Genes

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6
Q

Most behavioural traits appear to involve …

A

Polygenic inheritance

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7
Q

Define family studies

A

Family studies assess trait resemblance among blood relatives

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8
Q

Define twin studies

A

Twin studies compare trait resemblance of identical and fraternal twins

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9
Q

Define CRISPRS

A

CRSPRS are a natural part of our immune system. They can be used to modify genomes

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10
Q

Research indicates that most behavioural qualities are influenced jointly by ____, which play off each other in complex interactions.

A

Heredity and enivronment

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11
Q

New work in epigenetics has further demonstrated that ____ and ____ factors are deeply intertwined.

A

Genetic and environmental

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12
Q

The endocrine system consists of ____ that secrete ____ into the bloodstream in a pulsatile fashion.

A

Glands and hormones

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13
Q

Governed by the ____ and ____ , the endocrine system regulates our response to stress.

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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14
Q

Recent research suggests that the hormone ____ fosters bonding, and influences social behaviour.

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

List Darwin’s insights

A
  • Organisms vary in endless ways
  • Some traits are heritable
  • Variations in hereditary traits might affect organisms’ survival and reproductive success
  • Heritable traits that provide a survival or reproductive adavantage will become more prevalent over generations (natural seletion will change the gene pool of the population)
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16
Q

____ refers to the reproductive success of an organism relative to the population.

A

Fitness

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17
Q

____ are inherited characteristics sculpted through natural selection because they helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction when they emerged.

A

Adaptations

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18
Q

Species’ ________ often reflect evolutionary solutions to adaptive problems.

A

Patterns of behaviour
* Ex: behavioural strategies that help organisms avoid predators have obvious adaptive value
* Many behavioural adaptations improve an organisms’ chances of reproductive success

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19
Q

Define soma

A

Cell body

20
Q

Branching structures that recieve signals from other cells

A

Dendrites

21
Q

Fibre that carries signals away from soma to other cells

A

Axon

22
Q

Insulating material that encases some axons

A

Myelin sheath

23
Q

Small knobs (at end of axons) that release neurotransmitters at synapses

A

Terminal buttons

24
Q

____ are cells that provide support for neurons and contribute to signalling in the nervous system

A

Glia

25
Q

Neuron’s stable, negative charge when in active

A

Resting potential

26
Q

Voltage spike that travels along an axon

A

action potential

27
Q

Brief time after an action potential, before another action potential can begin

A

absolute refractory period

28
Q

A neuron either fires or doesn’t fire

A

All-or-none law

29
Q

Released by neurons that control skeletal muscles. ________ is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. It contracts smooth muscles, dilates blood vessels, increases bodily secretions, and slows heart rate.

A

acetylcholine

30
Q

A chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body
Involved in the regulation of sleep and arousal, and aggression; abnormal levels linked to depression

A

Serotonin

31
Q

A type of neurotransmitter and hormone. It plays a role in many important body functions, including movement, memory and pleasurable reward and motivation. High or low levels of it are associated with several mental health and neurological diseases. Abnormal levels linked to schitzophrenia.

A

dopamine

32
Q

A neurotransmitter of the brain that plays an essential role in the regulation of arousal, attention, cognitive function, and stress reactions

A

norepinephrine

33
Q

An inhibitory transmitter that contributes to the reguation of anxiety
A chemical messenger in the brain. It slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in your central nervous system. It is known for producing a calming effect

A

Gaba
Gamma-aminobutyric acid

34
Q

Opiate-like chemicals involved in modulation of pain

A

Endorphins

35
Q

Made up of all the nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
* Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

A

The peripheral nervous system

* peripheral = outer / edge

36
Q

Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary muscles, sensory receptors
A component of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

37
Q

Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

38
Q

Which system are the following subdivision of?
Sympathetic: mobilizes bodily resources (creates fight-or-flight response)
Parasympathetic: conserves bodily resources (rest and digest)

A

Autonomic Nervous system

39
Q

Which part of the brain coordinates fine muscle movement and balance
Located in hindbrain

Basic functions

A

Cerebellum

“little brain”

40
Q

What part of the brain regulates unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation
Located in the hindbrain

Basic functions

A

Medulla

41
Q

Which part of the brain is mostly Involved in sleep and arousal
* Located in the hindbrain

Basic functions

A

Pons

42
Q

Involved in locating things in space; dopamine synthesis

A

Midbrain

43
Q

What makes up the forebrain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Thalamus
  • Limbic system
  • Hypothalamus
44
Q

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

Higher cognitive function

A
  • Handles complex mental activities, such as sensing, learning, thinking, planning
  • Located in the forebrain
45
Q

What is the thalamus responsible for?

Relay = recieve and pass on

Higher cognitive function

A

Relay centre for cortex; distributes incoming sensory signals, except smell

46
Q

Loosely connected network that contributes to emotion, memory, motivation, and reward
Located in the forebrain

A

Limbic system

47
Q

Regulates basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sex
located in the forebrain

A

Hypothalamus

PSCYH1010 (11 decks)

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