Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness Flashcards
Sleep, hypnosis, meditation, and drugs
what can these drugs help with?
Benzodiazepine sedatives
Non-benzodiazepine sedatives
(sedatives help put you to sleep, to treat something that makes you sleep less)
Medical treatments of insomnia
A chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles
Narcolepsy
Occurs when a person stops breathing for a minimum of 10 seconds
“a” = not
“pnea” = breathing
breathless
Sleep apnea
Abrupt awakening and accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic
Night terrors
Also known as sleepwalking
sameer waking up at 3am to work out in the garage
Somnabulism
Marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods
People may talk, yell, gesture, flail about, or leap out of bed during REM dreams
Leads to Parkinson’s disease
REM sleep behaviour disorder
(RBD)
A concept in dream analysis that refers to different aspects of a dream
- The actual images, plot, sounds, and storyline of a dream as it’s remembered upon waking
- Consists of the plot of a dream at the surface level
Manifest content
A concept in dream analysis,, referring to different aspects o
- The unconscious meaning or symbolism behind the dream
Refers to the hidden or disguised content meaning of the events in the plot
Hidden meaning behind things
Unconscious needs or desires hidden within the images
of a quality or state) existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden or concealed.
Latent content
A cognitive theory that suggests that dreams helps people ____ in their waking lives.
The problem-solving view
Activation-synthesis model (Hobson)
- A state of focused attention in which people can be more responsive to suggestion
key word: suggestion
Hypnosis
The _____ view is supported by evidence that hypnotic feats can be duplicated by non-hypnotized subjects and that hypnotic subjects are often acting out a role
The role-playing view
The _____ view is supported by evidence that divided consciousness is a common experience
The altered-state view
- The use of a technique to train attention and awareness with the purpose of achieving mental clarity, calm, and stability
Meditation
Drugs derived from opium, like heroin, morphine, oxycodone
Helps with pain relief
desired effects: euphoria, relaxation, relieves pain and anxiety
Opioids
Sleep-inducing drugs that decrease central nervous system activation, such as barbiturates
sleeping pill, anticonvulsant
Desired effects: euphoria, relaxation, anxiety, pain relief
Sedatives
Drugs that increase CNS activation, such as cocaine and amphetamines
Used for treatment of hyperactivity and narcolepsy
Desired effects: elation, excitement, increased alertness and energy, reduced fatigue
Stimulants
Drugs that produce sensory distortions and diverse mental and emotional effects, such as LSD and mescaline
Desired effects: increased sensory awareness, euphoria, altered perceptions, hallucinations, insightful experiences
Hallucinogens
Hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived
Treatment of glaucoma and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Desired side effects: mild euphoria, relaxation, altered perceptions, enhanced awareness
Cannabis
Includes a variety of beverages that contain ethyl alcohol
Desired side effects: mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions
Alcohol
_____ drugs exert their effects by selectively altering neurotransmitter activity.
They are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning.
Psychoactive drugs
Increased activation in the ______ may be responsible for the reinforcing effects of many drugs
pathway
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
_____ is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, sleep starts off light but progressively gets deeper
NREM ( stages N1-N3)
____ is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming.
REM sleep
Biological rhythms
biological clock governing cycles in bodily functions
Circadian rhythms
______ clocks are reset by exposure to light, which stimulates the SCN in the hypothalamus
Internal biological clocks
A neural circuit that runs from an area in the midbrain through the nucleus accumbens and onto the prefrontal cortex has been characterized as a “reward pathway.”
mesolimbic dopamine pathway
____ should be the first treatment for insomnia, then if it does not work, medication should be given.
CBT - cognitive behavioural therapy
Which drug has a positive effect as a result of large amounts of serotonin being released?
MMDA
