Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

what can these drugs help with?
Benzodiazepine sedatives
Non-benzodiazepine sedatives
(sedatives help put you to sleep, to treat something that makes you sleep less)

Answer 1

Medical treatments of insomnia

Question 2

A chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain’s ability to control sleep-wake cycles

Answer 2

Narcolepsy

Question 3

Occurs when a person stops breathing for a minimum of 10 seconds

“a” = not
“pnea” = breathing
breathless

Answer 3

Sleep apnea

Question 4

Abrupt awakening and accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic

Answer 4

Night terrors

Question 5

Also known as sleepwalking

sameer waking up at 3am to work out in the garage

Answer 5

Somnabulism

Question 6

Marked by potentially troublesome dream enactments during REM periods
People may talk, yell, gesture, flail about, or leap out of bed during REM dreams
Leads to Parkinson’s disease

Answer 6

REM sleep behaviour disorder
(RBD)

Question 7

A concept in dream analysis that refers to different aspects of a dream

• The actual images, plot, sounds, and storyline of a dream as it’s remembered upon waking
• Consists of the plot of a dream at the surface level

Answer 7

Manifest content

Question 8

A concept in dream analysis,, referring to different aspects o

• The unconscious meaning or symbolism behind the dream
  Refers to the hidden or disguised content meaning of the events in the plot
  Hidden meaning behind things
  Unconscious needs or desires hidden within the images

of a quality or state) existing but not yet developed or manifest; hidden or concealed.

Answer 8

Latent content

Question 9

A cognitive theory that suggests that dreams helps people ____ in their waking lives.

Answer 9

The problem-solving view

Answer 10

Activation-synthesis model (Hobson)

Question 11

• A state of focused attention in which people can be more responsive to suggestion
  key word: suggestion

Answer 11

Hypnosis

Question 12

The _____ view is supported by evidence that hypnotic feats can be duplicated by non-hypnotized subjects and that hypnotic subjects are often acting out a role

Answer 12

The role-playing view

Question 13

The _____ view is supported by evidence that divided consciousness is a common experience

Answer 13

The altered-state view

Question 14

• The use of a technique to train attention and awareness with the purpose of achieving mental clarity, calm, and stability

Answer 14

Meditation

Question 15

Drugs derived from opium, like heroin, morphine, oxycodone
Helps with pain relief
desired effects: euphoria, relaxation, relieves pain and anxiety

Answer 15

Opioids

Question 16

Sleep-inducing drugs that decrease central nervous system activation, such as barbiturates
sleeping pill, anticonvulsant
Desired effects: euphoria, relaxation, anxiety, pain relief

Answer 16

Sedatives

Question 17

Drugs that increase CNS activation, such as cocaine and amphetamines
Used for treatment of hyperactivity and narcolepsy
Desired effects: elation, excitement, increased alertness and energy, reduced fatigue

Answer 17

Stimulants

Question 18

Drugs that produce sensory distortions and diverse mental and emotional effects, such as LSD and mescaline
Desired effects: increased sensory awareness, euphoria, altered perceptions, hallucinations, insightful experiences

Answer 18

Hallucinogens

Question 18

Hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived
Treatment of glaucoma and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
Desired side effects: mild euphoria, relaxation, altered perceptions, enhanced awareness

Answer 18

Cannabis

Question 18

Includes a variety of beverages that contain ethyl alcohol
Desired side effects: mild euphoria, relaxation, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibitions

Answer 18

Alcohol

Question 19

_____ drugs exert their effects by selectively altering neurotransmitter activity.
They are chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioural functioning.

Answer 19

Psychoactive drugs

Question 20

Increased activation in the ______ may be responsible for the reinforcing effects of many drugs

pathway

Answer 20

Mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 21

_____ is marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, sleep starts off light but progressively gets deeper

Answer 21

NREM ( stages N1-N3)

Question 22

____ is a deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, and dreaming.

Answer 22

REM sleep

Answer 23

Biological rhythms

Question 24

biological clock governing cycles in bodily functions

Answer 24

Circadian rhythms

Question 25

______ clocks are reset by exposure to light, which stimulates the SCN in the hypothalamus

Answer 25

Internal biological clocks

Question 26

A neural circuit that runs from an area in the midbrain through the nucleus accumbens and onto the prefrontal cortex has been characterized as a “reward pathway.”

Answer 26

mesolimbic dopamine pathway

Question 27

____ should be the first treatment for insomnia, then if it does not work, medication should be given.

Answer 27

CBT - cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 28

Which drug has a positive effect as a result of large amounts of serotonin being released?

Answer 28

MMDA