Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Measurement and description
Understanding prediction
Application and control

A

Goals of the scientific approach

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2
Q

Condition or event manipulated by the experimenter

A

independent variable

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3
Q

What are the steps in an investigation?

A
  1. Formulate a testable hypothesis
  2. Select a method and design the study
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analyze the data and draw conclusions
  5. Report the findings
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4
Q

Aspect of behaviour thought to be affected by the independent variable
What’s being measured

A

dependent variable

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5
Q

Participants or subjects who recieve special treatment

A

experimental group

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6
Q

Similar subjects who don’t recieve the treatment given to the experimental group

A

control group

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7
Q

Factors besides the IV that might affect the DV; hence, they need to be controlled

A

extraenous variables

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8
Q

Exists when two variables are related to each other

A

correlation

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9
Q

Define positive correlation and negative correlation

A
  • Positive correlation: variables co-vary in the same direction
  • Negative correlation: variables co-vary in the opposite direction
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10
Q

Numerical index of degree of relationship between two variables
Indicates the direction (positive or negative) of the relationship and how strongly the 2 variables are related

A

Correlation coefficient

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11
Q

The closer the correlation to either -1.00 or +1.00, the ____ the relationship

A

Stronger

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12
Q

Careful, systematic observation, but no intervention with subjects

A

naturalistic observation

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13
Q

What is a case study?

A

An in-depth investigation of a single participant, typically involving data from many sources

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14
Q

Questionnaires and interviews are used to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour

A

survey

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15
Q

Exists when a sample is not representative of the population

A

Sampling bias

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16
Q

Occur when participants’ expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they recieve empty or fake treatment.

A

Placebo effect

17
Q

Result from problems, such as social desirability bias and halo effects, that happen when participants give verbal accounts of their behaviour

A

Distortions in self-report data

18
Q

Occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

A

Experimenter bias

19
Q

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

tentative: not certain or fixed

A

Hypothesis

20
Q

Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study

A

Variables

21
Q

A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of obervations

A

Theory

22
Q

Occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects

A

A confounding of variables

confound: mix up (something) with something else so that the individual

23
Q

Occurs when a participant’s behaviour is altered by the presence of the observer

A

Reactivity

24
Q

The use of math to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data

A

Statistics

25
Q

Used to organize and summarize data, provide an overview of numerical data

A

Descriptive statistics

26
Q

The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution

A

Mean

27
Q

The score that falls exaclty in the middle of a distribution of scores

A

Median

28
Q

The most frequent score in a distribution

A

Mode

29
Q

An index of the amount of variability in a set of data

A

Standard deviation

An index is a way of compiling one score from a variety of questions or