Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

______ is the formation of a conditioned response tendency.

A

Acquisition

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3
Q

_____ is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response tendency.

A

Extinction

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4
Q

_____ occurs when an organism responds to a new stimuli besides the original stimulus.

A

Generalization

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5
Q

_____ occurs when an organism doesn’t respond to other stimuli that resemble the original stimulus.

A

Discrimination

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6
Q

A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Examples: studying, going to work, telling jokes, asking someone out, gambling

A

Operant conditioning

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7
Q

Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.

A

reinforcement

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8
Q

Occurs when a response is reinforced only some of the time.

occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady

A

Intermittent reinforcement

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9
Q

_______ reinforcement occurs when a response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

A

negative reinforcement

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10
Q

_____ occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

A

punishment

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11
Q

Occurs when when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, called models.
Pioneered by Albert Bandura, who showed that conditioning doesn’t have to be a product of direct experience.

A

observational learning

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12
Q

Observational learning depends on the processes of …

A

attention
retention
preproduction
motivation

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13
Q

A number of strategies can be used to decrease the strength of a response, including …

A

reinforcement
control antecedents
punishment

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13
Q

______ can be used to manipulate people’s emotional responses, making it a very useful tool for advertisers.

A

evaluative conditioning

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13
Q

_____ appears to explain why people acquire phobias to ancient sources of threat much more readily than to modern sources of threat

A

preparedness

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14
Q

When a response is followed by a desirable outcome, the response is more likely to be _____ if it appears to have caused the favourable outcome.

A

strengthened

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15
Q

Occurs when a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement
May involve shaping - the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
Operant conditioning

A

acquisition

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16
Q

Occurs when responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated
Operant conditioning

A

extinction

17
Q

Occurs when responding increases in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus
Operant conditioning

A

generalization

18
Q

Occurs when responding doesn’t increase in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original ____ stimulus.
Operant conditioning

A

discrimination
discriminative

19
Q

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired, gradually resulting in a conditioned response.
Classical conditioning

A

acquisition

20
Q

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone until it no longer elicits a conditioned response.
Classical conditioning

A

extinction

21
Q

Occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus, as in Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert
Classical conditioning

A

generalization

22
Q

Occurs when a conditioned response is not elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning

A

discrimination

23
Involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others. Sleigman: evolution programmed organisms to acquire certain fears more readily than others because of this phenomenon
Preparedness
24
According to this, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
Law of effect
25
Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response. A response is strengthened because it leads to rewarding consequences
Reinforcement
26
A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that’s recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.
A Skinner box or operant chamber
27
Events that are inherently (deep-rooted) reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs In humans: food, water, warmth, sex
Primary reinforcers
28
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers Depend on learning In humans: money, good grades, attention, flattery, praise, and applause People LEARN to find stylish clothes, sports cars, fine jewelry, and exotic vacations reinforcing
Secondary/conditioned reinforcers
29
With a ____ schedule, the reinforcer is given a fixed number of nonreinforced responses Ex: a rat is reinforced for every 10th lever press, a salesperson receives a bonus for every 4th set of encyclopedias sold
Fixed-ratio schedule
30
With a ____ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses Ex: a rat is reinforced for every 10th lever press on average. The exact number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one time to the next
Variable ratio schedule
31
Require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforces
Interval schedule
32
The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed Ex: a man washing his clothes periodically checks to see whether each load is finished. The reward (clean clothes) is available only after a fixed time interval has elapsed. Checking responses during the interval are is not reinforced
Fixed interval schedule
33
The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average Ex: a person repeatedly dials a busy phone number (getting through is the reinforcer) A rat is reinforced for the first lever press after a 1 min interval has elapsed, but the following intervals are 3 min, 2 min, 4 min and so on - with an average length of 2 min
Variable interval schedule (VI)
34
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus Ex: you rush home in the winter to get out of the cold, you clean the house to get rid of the mess…
Negative reinforcement
35
Involved in the presentation of an aversive (causing strong dislike) stimulus Ex: spanking a child for misbehaving
Positive punishment
36
Involves the removal of a rewarding stimulus Ex: when child misbehaves, parent takes a way tablet or phone
Negative punishment
37
Learning that isn’t apparent from behaviour when it first occurs
Latent learning
38
Occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes
Instinctive drift
39
Lost the 4 keys processes that are crucial in observational learning
Attention Retention Reproduction Motivation
40
Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another monkey or person perform the same action
Mirror neurons
41
Events that typically precede the target response
Antecedents