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PSCYH1010 > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

1
Q

A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response originally evoked by another stimulus

A

Classical conditioning

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2
Q

_____ mainly regulates involuntary, reflexive responses
Examples: emotional responses (fears) and physiological responses (immunosuppression and sexual arousal)

A

classical conditioning

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3
Q

Responses controlled through classical conditioning are said to be _____.

A

elicited
(evoke or draw out (a response, answer, or fact) from someone in reaction to one’s own actions or questions)

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4
Q

Classical conditioning begins with an _____ that elicits an _____.

A

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response

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5
Q

______ is the formation of a conditioned response tendency.

A

Acquisition

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6
Q

_____ is the gradual weakening of a conditioned response tendency.

A

Extinction

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7
Q

_____ occurs when an organism responds to a new stimuli besides the original stimulus.

A

Generalization

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8
Q

_____ occurs when an organism doesn’t respond to other stimuli that resemble the original stimulus.

A

Discrimination

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9
Q

A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Examples: studying, going to work, telling jokes, asking someone out, gambling

A

Operant conditioning

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10
Q

Operant conditioning mainly regulates _____ and _____ responses.

A

voluntary
spontaneous

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11
Q

Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.

A

reinforcement

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12
Q

Responses controlled through operant conditioning are said to be _____.

A

emitted

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13
Q

Occurs when a response is reinforced only some of the time.

A

Intermittent reinforcement

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14
Q

In ____ ______, the reinforcer is given after a fixed (FR) or variable (VR) number of nonreinforced responses.

A

ratio schedules

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15
Q

In ____ _____, the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed (FI) or variable (VI) time interval has elapsed.

A

interval schedules

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16
Q

______ reinforcement occurs when a response is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

A

positive reinforcement

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17
Q

_______ reinforcement occurs when a response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.

A

negative reinforcement

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18
Q

_____ occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

A

punishment

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19
Q

Occurs when when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, called models.
Pioneered by Albert Bandura, who showed that conditioning doesn’t have to be a product of direct experience.

A

observational learning

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20
Q

Both ____ and _____ can take place through observational learning

A

classical and operant

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21
Q

Observational learning depends on the processes of …

A

attention
retention
preproduction
motivation

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22
Q

A number of strategies can be used to decrease the strength of a response, including …

A

reinforcement
control antecedents
punishment

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22
Q

_____ techniques can be used to increase self-control; if you are trying to increase the strength of a response, you’ll depend on positive reinforcement

A

behaviour modification

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22
Q

In research on the effects of media violence, both experimental and correlational studies suggest that violent media contribute to increased ____ among children and adults

A

aggression

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23
Q

When used as a disciplinary procedure, _______ is associated with a variety of negative outcomes.

A

physical punishment

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24
Q

______ can be used to manipulate people’s emotional responses, making it a very useful tool for advertisers.

A

evaluative conditioning

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25
Q

_____ appears to explain why people acquire phobias to ancient sources of threat much more readily than to modern sources of threat

A

preparedness

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26
Q

Robert Rescorla showed that the _____ value of a conditioned stimulus influences the process of classical conditioning.

A

predictive

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27
Q

When a response is followed by a desirable outcome, the response is more likely to be _____ if it appears to have caused the favourable outcome.

A

strengthened

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28
Q

What 3 things contribute to superstitious behaviour?

A

noncontingent reinforcement
cognitive biases
irrational reasoning

29
Q

Occurs when a response gradually increases due to contingent reinforcement
May involve shaping - the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
Operant conditioning

A

acquisition

30
Q

Occurs when responding gradually slows and stops after reinforcement is terminated
Operant conditioning

A

extinction

31
Q

Occurs when responding increases in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original discriminative stimulus
Operant conditioning

A

generalization

32
Q

Occurs when responding doesn’t increase in the presence of a stimulus that resembles the original ____ stimulus.
Operant conditioning

A

discrimination
discriminative

33
Q

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus are paired, gradually resulting in a conditioned response.
Classical conditioning

A

acquisition

34
Q

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone until it no longer elicits a conditioned response.
Classical conditioning

A

extinction

35
Q

Occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus, as in Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert
Classical conditioning

A

generalization

36
Q

Occurs when a conditioned response is not elicited by a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning

A

discrimination

37
Q

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

A

spontaneous recovery

38
Q

_____ conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a US

A

higher-order

39
Q

____ are inherently reinforcing, whereas _____ develop through learning

A

primary reinforcers
secondary reinforcers

40
Q

In which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

A

Higher-order conditioning

41
Q

Involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.
Sleigman: evolution programmed organisms to acquire certain fears more readily than others because of this phenomenon

A

Preparedness

42
Q

According to this, if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

A

Law of effect

43
Q

Occurs when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.
A response is strengthened because it leads to rewarding consequences

A

Reinforcement

44
Q

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that’s recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled.

A

A Skinner box or operant chamber

45
Q

To ___ means to send forth

A

Emit

46
Q

To ___ means to send forth

A

Emit

47
Q

Events that are inherently (deep-rooted) reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
In humans: food, water, warmth, sex

A

Primary reinforcers

48
Q

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Depend on learning
In humans: money, good grades, attention, flattery, praise, and applause
People LEARN to find stylish clothes, sports cars, fine jewelry, and exotic vacations reinforcing

A

Secondary/conditioned reinforcers

49
Q

Consists of the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

A

Shaping

50
Q

Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated

A

Resistance to extinction

51
Q

Determines which occurrences for a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer

A

Schedule of reinforcement

52
Q

Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

A

Continuous reinforcement

53
Q

Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

A

Intermittent/partial reinforcement

54
Q

____ reinforcement makes a response more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement does

A

Intermittent reinforcement

55
Q

With a ____ schedule, the reinforcer is given a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
Ex: a rat is reinforced for every 10th lever press, a salesperson receives a bonus for every 4th set of encyclopedias sold

A

Fixed-ratio schedule

56
Q

With a ____ schedule, the reinforcer is given after a variable number of non reinforced responses
Ex: a rat is reinforced for every 10th lever press on average. The exact number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one time to the next

A

Variable ratio schedule

57
Q

Require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforces

A

Interval schedule

58
Q

The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Ex: a man washing his clothes periodically checks to see whether each load is finished. The reward (clean clothes) is available only after a fixed time interval has elapsed. Checking responses during the interval are is not reinforced

A

Fixed interval schedule

59
Q

The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average
Ex: a person repeatedly dials a busy phone number (getting through is the reinforcer)
A rat is reinforced for the first lever press after a 1 min interval has elapsed, but the following intervals are 3 min, 2 min, 4 min and so on - with an average length of 2 min

A

Variable interval schedule (VI)

60
Q

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

A

Positive reinforcement

61
Q

Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus
Ex: you rush home in the winter to get out of the cold, you clean the house to get rid of the mess…

A

Negative reinforcement

62
Q

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

A

Escape learning

63
Q

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
Ex: rats receiving a warning light that goes on before the shock becomes a CS. Gradually, the animal learns to run to a safe compartment as soon as the light comes on

A

Avoidance learning

64
Q

Involved in the presentation of an aversive (causing strong dislike) stimulus
Ex: spanking a child for misbehaving

A

Positive punishment

65
Q

Involves the removal of a rewarding stimulus
Ex: when child misbehaves, parent takes a way tablet or phone

A

Negative punishment

66
Q

Learning that isn’t apparent from behaviour when it first occurs

A

Latent learning

67
Q

Occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning processes

A

Instinctive drift

68
Q

Lost the 4 keys processes that are crucial in observational learning

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

69
Q

Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another monkey or person perform the same action

A

Mirror neurons

70
Q

A systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning

A

Behaviour modification

71
Q

Events that typically precede the target response

A

Antecedents

PSCYH1010 (7 decks)

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