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Biopsych > chapter 9: homeostasis > Flashcards

chapter 9: homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the active process of maintaining a particular physiological parameter relatively constant

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2
Q

motivation

A

the psychological process that induces or sustains a particular behavior

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3
Q

endotherm

A

an animal whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes (mammals, birds)

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4
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal whose body temperature is regulated by, and whose heat comes mainly from, the environment (snakes, bees)

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5
Q

negative feedback

A

the property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals

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6
Q

set point

A

the point of reference in a feedback system; like the temperature at which a thermostat is set

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7
Q

set zone

A

the range of a variable that a feedback system tries to maintain

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8
Q

intracellular compartment

A

the fluid space of the body that is contained within cells

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9
Q

extracellular compartment

A

the fluid space of the body that exists outside the cells

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10
Q

diffusion

A

the spontaneous spread of solute molecules through a solvent until a uniform solute concentration is achieved

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11
Q

osmosis

A

the passive movement of a solvent, usually water, through a semipermeable membrane until a uniform concentration of solute (often salt) is achieved on both sides of the membrane

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

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13
Q

hypovolemic thirst

A

a desire to ingest fluid that is stimulated by a reduction in volume of the extracellular fluid

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14
Q

osmotic thirst

A

a desire to ingest fluids that is stimulated by loss of water from the extracellular compartment

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15
Q

baroreceptor

A

a pressure receptor in the heart or a major artery that detects a change in blood pressure

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16
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

a hormone, secreted by the heart, that normally reduces blood pressure, inhibits drinking, and promotes the excretion of water and salt at the kidneys

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17
Q

arginine vasopressin

A

a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure; also called antidiuretic hormone

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18
Q

angiotensin II

A

a hormone that is produced in the blood by the action of renin and that may play a role in the control of thirst

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19
Q

circumventricular organ

A

any of multiple distinct sites that lie in the wall of a cerebral ventricle and monitor the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid

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20
Q

aldosterone

A

a mineralocorticoid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that promotes the conservation of sodium by the kidneys

21
Q

nutrient

A

a chemical that is needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of the body but is not used as a source of energy

22
Q

glucose

A

an important sugar molecule used by the body and brain for energy

23
Q

glycogen

A

a complex carbohydrate made by the combining of glucose molecules for a short-term store of energy

24
Q

insulin

A

a pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells

25
Q

glucagon

A

a pancreatic hormone that converts glycogen to glucose, and thus increases blood glucose

26
Q

lipid

A

a large molecule (commonly called fat) that consists of fatty acids and glycerol that are insoluble in water

27
Q

adipose tissue

A

tissue made up of fat cells; fat tissue

28
Q

ketone

A

a compound, liberated by the breakdown of body fats and proteins, that is a metabolic fuel source

29
Q

basal metabolism

A

the consumption of energy to fuel processes such as heat production, maintenance of membrane potentials, and all the other basic life-sustaining functions of the body

30
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a condition, characterized by excessive glucose in the blood and urine and by reduced glucose utilization by body cells, that is caused by the failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption

31
Q

glucodetector

A

a specialized type of liver cell that detects and informs the nervous system about levels of circulating glucose

32
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

a hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors

33
Q

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

a hypothalamic region involved in the control of appetite and other functions

34
Q

arcuate nucleus

A

an arc-shaped hypothalamic nucleus implicated in appetite control

35
Q

leptin

A

a peptide hormone released by fat cells

36
Q

ghrelin

A

a peptide hormone produced and released by the gut

37
Q

PYY3-36

A

a peptide hormone, secreted by the intestines, that probably acts on hypothalamic appetite control mechanisms to suppress appetite

38
Q

NPY neuron

A

a neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide

39
Q

POMC neuron

A

a neuron, involved in the hypothalamic appetite control system, that produces both pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-related transcript

40
Q

orexin

A

a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in the switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite; also called hypocretin

41
Q

nucleus of the solitary tract (NST)

A

a complicated brainstem nucleus that receives visceral and taste information via several cranial nerves

42
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

a peptide hormone that is released by the gut after ingestion of food that is high in protein and/or fat

43
Q

endocannabinoid

A

an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors; thus, a marijuana analog that is produced by the brain

44
Q

liposuction

A

the surgical removal of fat tissue

45
Q

bariatric

A

having to do with obesity

46
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

a syndrome in which individuals severely deprive themselves of food

47
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

a syndrome in which individuals periodically gorge themselves, usually with “junk food,” and then either vomit or take laxatives to avoid weight gain

48
Q

binge eating

A

the rapid intake of large quantities of food, often poor in nutritional value and high in calories

Biopsych (16 decks)

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