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Biopsych > chapter 6: hearing, balance, taste, and smell > Flashcards

chapter 6: hearing, balance, taste, and smell Flashcards

1
Q

decibel (dB)

A

a measure of sound intensity, perceived as loudness

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2
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second, as of an auditory stimuli; measure of frequency

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3
Q

pure tone

A

one frequency of vibration, represented by a sine wave

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4
Q

amplitude

A

perceived as loudness, expressed in decibels (dB), also called intensity

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5
Q

frequency

A

perceived as pitch, measured in hertz (Hz)

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6
Q

fundamental

A

basic frequency

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7
Q

harmonics

A

multiples of the fundamental

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8
Q

timbre

A

sound quality, notes differ in intensities when played by different instruments

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9
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of one form of energy to another

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10
Q

pinna

A

the external part of the ear

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11
Q

ear canal

A

the tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane, also called auditory canal

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12
Q

inner ear

A

the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

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13
Q

middle ear

A

the cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea

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14
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the partition between the external ear and the middle ear, also called eardrum

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15
Q

ossicles

A

three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit vibration across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

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16
Q

oval window

A

the opening from the middle ear to the inner ear

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17
Q

malleus

A

a middle ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane

Latin for “hammer”

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18
Q

incus

A

a middle ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes

Latin for “anvil”

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19
Q

stapes

A

a middle ear bone that is connected to the oval window

Latin for “stirrup”

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20
Q

cochlea

A

a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing

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21
Q

vestibular canal

A

one of the three principal canals running along the length of the cochlea

also called scala vestibuli

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22
Q

middle canal

A

the central of the three spiraling canals inside the cochlea, situated between the vestibular canal and tympanic canal

also called scala media

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23
Q

tympanic canal

A

one of the three principal canals running along the length of the cochlea

also called scala tympani

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24
Q

round window

A

a membrane separating the tympanic canal from the middle ear

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25
Q

organ of Corti

A

a structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlea and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve

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26
Q

hair cell

A

one of the receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea

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27
Q

basilar membrane

A

a membrane in the cochlea that contains the principal structures involved in auditory transduction

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28
Q

stereocilium

A

a relatively stiff hair that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular system

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29
Q

inner hair cell (IHC)

A

one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea; positioned close to the central axis of the coiled cochlea

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30
Q

outer hair cell (OHC)

A

one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea; positioned far from the central axis of the coiled cochlea

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31
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

cranial nerve VIII, which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei

32
Q

tuning curve

A

a graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in frequency and intensity

33
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

either of the two brainstem nuclei – left and right – that receive input from auditory hair cells and send output to the superior olivary nuclei

34
Q

superior olivary nucleus

A

either of the two brainstem nuclei – left and right – in the thalamus that receive input from both right and left cochlear nuclei, and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information

35
Q

inferior colliculi

A

paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information

36
Q

medial geniculate nucleus

A

either of the two nuclei –left and right – in the thalamus that receive input from the inferior colliculi and send output to the auditory cortex

37
Q

tonotopic organization

A

a major organizational feature in auditory systems, in which neurons are arranged as an orderly map of stimulus frequency, with cells responsive to high frequencies located at a distance from those responsive to low frequencies

38
Q

place coding

A

frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the location of activated hair cells along the length of the basilar membrane

39
Q

temporal coding

A

frequency discrimination in which the pitch of a sound is determined by the rate of firing of auditory neurons

40
Q

ultrasound

A

high-frequency sound; in general, above the threshold for human hearing, at about 20,000 Hz

41
Q

infrasound

A

very low-frequency sound; in general, below the threshold for human hearing, at about 20 Hz

42
Q

intensity difference

A

a perceived difference in loudness between the two ears, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source

43
Q

latency difference

A

a difference between the two ears in the time of arrival of a sound, which the nervous system can use to localize a sound source

44
Q

spectral filtering

A

the process by which the hills and valleys of the external ear alter the amplitude of some, but not all, frequencies in a sound

45
Q

amusia

A

a disorder characterized by the inability to discern tunes accurately or to sing

46
Q

conduction deafness

A

a hearing impairment in which the sound vibrations in air fail to be converted into waves of fluid in the cochlea; associated with defects of the external or middle ear

47
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

a hearing impairment most often caused by the permanent damage or destruction of hair cells, or by interruption of the vestibulocochlear nerve that carries auditory information to the brain

48
Q

tinnitus

A

a sensation of noises or ringing in the ears not caused by external sound

49
Q

central deafness

A

a hearing impairment in which the auditory areas of the brain fail to process and interpret action potentials from sound stimuli in meaningful ways; related to damage in auditory brain areas, such as strokes, tumors, or traumatic injuries

50
Q

word deafness

A

a form of central deafness that is characterized by the specific inability to hear words, although other sounds can be detected

51
Q

cortical deafness

A

a form of central deafness, caused by damage to both sides of the auditory cortex, that is characterized by difficulty in recognizing all complex sounds, whether verbal or nonverbal

52
Q

cochlear implant

A

an electromechanical device that detects sounds and selectively stimulates nerves in different regions of the cochlea via surgically implanted electrodes

53
Q

vestibular system

A

the sensory system that detects balance; consists of several small inner-ear structures that adjoin the cochlea

54
Q

semicircular canal

A

any one of the three fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that are part of the vestibular system; each of the tubes, which are at right angles to each other, detects angular acceleration in a particular direction

55
Q

ampulla

A

an enlarged region of each semicircular canal that contains the receptor cells (hair cells) of the vestibular system

56
Q

vestibular nucleus

A

a brainstem nucleus that receives information from the vestibular organs through cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve)

57
Q

motion sickness

A

the experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement, as in car or boat

58
Q

sensory conflict theory

A

a theory of motion sickness suggesting that discrepancies between vestibular information and visual information simulate food poisoning and therefore trigger nausea

59
Q

taste

A

any of the five basic sensations detected by the tongue: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami

60
Q

flavor

A

the sense of taste combined with the sense of smell

61
Q

papilla

A

a small bump that projects from the surface of the tongue; contains most of the taste receptor cells

62
Q

taste bud

A

a cluster of 50-150 cells that detects tastes; found in the papillae

63
Q

TR1

A

a family of taste receptor proteins that, when particular members bind together, form taste receptors for sweet and umami flavors

64
Q

TR2

A

a family of bitter taste receptors

65
Q

umami

A

one of the five basic tastes – the meaty, savory flavor

66
Q

gustatory system

A

the sensory system that detects taste

67
Q

odor

A

the sensation of smell

68
Q

olfaction

A

the sensory system that detects smell; the act of smelling

69
Q

anosmia

A

the inability to detect odors

70
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

a sheet of cells, including olfactory receptors, that lines the dorsal portion of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions, including the septum that separates the left and right nasal cavities

71
Q

olfactory bulb

A

an anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell

72
Q

glomerulus

A

a complex arbor of dendrites from a group of olfactory cells

73
Q

pheromone

A

a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

74
Q

vomeronasal system

A

a specialized sensory system that detects pheromones and transmits information to the brain

75
Q

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain

76
Q

trace amine-associated receptor (TAAR)

A

any one of a family of probable pheromone receptors produced by neurons in the main olfactory epithelium

Biopsych (16 decks)

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