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Biopsych > chapter 12: psychopathology > Flashcards

chapter 12: psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

delusion

A

false belief that is strongly held in spite of contrary evidence

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2
Q

schizophrenia

A

a severe psychopathological disorder characterized by negative symptoms such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought, and by positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions

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3
Q

positive symptom

A

in psychiatry, an abnormal behavior state; examples include hallucinations, delusions, and excited motor behavior

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4
Q

negative symptom

A

in psychiatry, an abnormality that reflects insufficient functioning; examples include emotional and social withdrawal, blunted affect, and slow and impoverished thought and speech

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5
Q

monozygotic

A

referring to twins derived from a single fertilized egg (identical twins); share an identical set of genes

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6
Q

dizygotic

A

referring to twins derived from separate eggs (fraternal twins); no more closely genetically related than other full siblings

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7
Q

concordance

A

a characteristic that is seen in both individuals of a pair of twins

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8
Q

hypofrontality hypothesis

A

the idea that schizophrenia may reflect underactivation of the frontal lobes

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9
Q

lobotomy

A

the surgical separation of a portion of the frontal lobes from the rest of the brain, once used as a treatment for schizophrenia and many other ailments

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10
Q

chlorpromazine

A

an antipsychotic drug that replaced lobotomy as a treatment for schizophrenia; trade name Thorazine

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11
Q

antipsychotic or neuroleptic

A

any of a class of drugs that alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, typically by blocking dopamine receptors

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12
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

the idea that schizophrenia results from either excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

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13
Q

amphetamine psychosis

A

a delusional and psychotic state, closely resembling acute schizophrenia, that is brought on by repeated use of high doses of amphetamine

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14
Q

dyskinesia

A

maladaptive motor symptoms that can result from traditional antipsychotic drugs, are permanent

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15
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

repetitive, involuntary movements, especially involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue

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16
Q

super-sensitivity psychosis

A

marked increase in positive symptoms of schizophrenia after discontinuation or lowered dosage of traditional antipsychotic drugs as a result of dopamine receptor super-sensitivity

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17
Q

typical neuroleptic

A

an antischizophrenic drug that shows antagonist activity at dopamine D2 receptors

18
Q

atypical neuroleptic

A

an antipsychotic drug that has actions other than or in addition to the dopamine D2 receptor antagonism that characterizes the typical neuroleptics

19
Q

clozapine

A

an atypical neuroleptic, selectively blocks serotonin receptors

20
Q

phencyclidine (PCP)

A

an anesthetic drug that is also a psychedelic drug; PCP makes many people feel dissociated from themselves and their environment

21
Q

psychotomimetic

A

a drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia

22
Q

ketamine

A

a dissociative anesthetic drug, similar to PCP, that acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist

23
Q

glutamate hypothesis

A

the idea that schizophrenia may be caused, in part, by understimulation of glutamate receptors

24
Q

depression

A

a psychiatric condition characterized by such symptoms as unhappy mood; loss of interests, energy, and appetite; and difficulty concentrating

25
Q

unipolar depression

A

depression that alternates with normal emotional states

26
Q

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

A

a last-resort treatment for unmanageable depression in which a strong electrical current is passed through the brain, causing a seizure

27
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

an enzyme that breaks down and thereby inactivates monoamine transmitters

28
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)

A

a drug that blocks the reuptake of transmitter at serotonergic synapses; commonly used to treat depression

29
Q

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A

mild electrical stimulation through an electrode that is surgically implanted deep in the brain

30
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A

psychotherapy aimed at correcting negative thinking and consciously changing behaviors as a way of changing feelings (more effective when combined with SSRI drugs)

31
Q

postpartum depression

A

a bout of depression that afflicts a woman either immediately before or after giving birth

32
Q

learned helplessness

A

a learning paradigm in which individuals are subjected to inescapable, unpleasant conditions

33
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a psychiatric disorder characterized by periods of depression that alternate with excessive, expansive moods

34
Q

lithium

A

an element that, administered to patients, often relieves the symptoms of bipolar disorder

35
Q

anxiety disorder

A

any of a class of psychological disorders that include recurrent panic states, generalized persistent anxiety disorders, and post traumatic stress disorder

36
Q

benzodiazepine

A

any of a class of anti anxiety drugs that are agonists of GABA receptors in the central nervous system; one example is diazepam (valium)

37
Q

anxiolytic

A

a substance that is used to combat anxiety; examples include alcohol, opiates, barbiturates, and the benzodiazepines

38
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the victim

39
Q

fear conditioning

A

a form of learning in which fear comes to be associated with a previously neutral stimulus

40
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

an anxiety disorder in which the affected individual experiences recurrent unwanted thoughts and engages in repetitive behaviors without reason or the ability to stop

41
Q

co-morbid

A

referring to the tendency of certain diseases or disorders to occur together in individuals

42
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

heightened sensitivity to tactical, auditory, and visual stimuli, have behavioral tics such as a twitch or vocalization (compulsions); caused by overstimulation of dopamine receptors

Biopsych (16 decks)

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