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Biopsych > chapter 8: hormones and sex > Flashcards

chapter 8: hormones and sex Flashcards

1
Q

cloacal exstrophy

A

a rare medical condition in which XY individuals are born completely lacking a penis

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2
Q

hormone

A

a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland that is conveyed by the bloodstream and regulates target organs or tissues

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3
Q

endocrine gland

A

a gland that secretes products into the bloodstream to act on distant targets

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4
Q

castration

A

removal of the gonads, usually the testes

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5
Q

endocrine

A

referring to the glands that release chemicals to the interior of the body; secrete the principal hormones used by the body

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6
Q

synapse

A

the cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell

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7
Q

pheromone

A

a chemical signal that is released outside the body of an animal and affects other members of the same species

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8
Q

allomone

A

a chemical signal that is released outside the body by one species and affects the behavior of other species

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9
Q

protein hormone or peptide hormone

A

a hormone that consists of a string of amino acids

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10
Q

amine hormone

A

a hormone composed of a single amino acid that has been modified into a related molecule, such as melatonin or epinephrine; also called monoamine hormone

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11
Q

steroid hormone

A

any of a class of hormones, each of which is composed of four interconnected rings of carbon atoms

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12
Q

second messenger

A

a slow-acting substance in a target cell that amplifies the effects of synaptic or hormonal activity and regulates activity within the target cell

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13
Q

knockout organism

A

deleting a gene for a given hormone receptor to learn what behaviors are affected by that hormone

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14
Q

pituitary gland

A

a small, complex endocrine gland located in a socket at the base of the skull

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15
Q

pituitary stalk

A

a thin piece of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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16
Q

neuroendocrine cell

A

a neuron that releases hormones into local or systematic circulation

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17
Q

posterior pituitary

A

the rear division of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, that triggers milk letdown in the nursing female

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19
Q

arginine vasopressin (AVP) or vasopressin

A

a peptide hormone from the posterior pituitary that promotes water conservation and increases blood pressure; also called antidiuretic hormone

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20
Q

milk letdown reflex

A

the reflexive release of milk by the mammary glands of a nursing female in response to suckling, or to stimuli associated with suckling

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21
Q

pair-bond

A

a durable and exclusive relationship between a male and a female

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22
Q

negative feedback

A

the property by which some of the output of a system feeds back to reduce the effect of input signals

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23
Q

anterior pituitary

A

the front division of the pituitary gland;it secretes tropic hormones

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24
Q

tropic hormone

A

any of a class of anterior pituitary hormones that affect the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands

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25
Q

releasing hormone

A

any of a class of hormones, produced in the hypothalamus, that traverse the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to control the pituitary’s release of tropic hormones

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26
Q

median eminence

A

a midline feature on the base of the brain that marks the point at which the pituitary stalk exits the hypothalamus to connect to the pituitary; contains elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

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27
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

a tropic hormone, secreted by the anterior pituitary, that influences the growth of cells and tissues; also called somatotropin or somatotropin hormone

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28
Q

gonad

A

any of the sexual organs (ovaries and testes), which produce gametes for reproduction

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29
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

a hypothalamic hormone that controls the release of luteinizing hormones and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary

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30
Q

gonadotropin

A

an anterior pituitary hormone that selectively stimulates the cells of the gonads to produce sex steroids and gametes

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31
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

a gonadotropin, named for its actions on ovarian follicles

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32
Q

follicle

A

the structure of the ovary that contains immature ova

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33
Q

luteinizing hormones (LH)

A

a gonadotropin, named for its stimulatory effects on the ovarian corpora lutea

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34
Q

corpus luteum

A

the structure that forms from the collapsed ovarian follicle after ovulation; a major source of progesterone

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35
Q

testes

A

the male gonads, which produce sperm and androgenic steroid hormones

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36
Q

testosterone

A

a hormone, produced by male gonads, that controls a variety of bodily changes that become visible at puberty; one of a class of hormones called androgens

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37
Q

androgen

A

any of a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other male hormones

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38
Q

psychosocial dwarfism

A

growth failure as a result of family deprivation, showing how psychological and social factors mediate through the central nervous system and the endocrine system

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39
Q

ovaries

A

the female gonads, which produce eggs (ova) for reproduction

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40
Q

progestin

A

any of a major class of steroid hormones that are produced by the ovary, including progesterone

41
Q

estrogen

A

any of a class of steroid hormones produced by female gonads

42
Q

estradiol

A

the primary type of estrogen that is secreted by the ovary; formal name is 17-beta-estrodial

43
Q

progesterone

A

the primary type of progestin that is secreted by the ovary

44
Q

ovulatory cycle

A

the periodic occurrence of ovulation in females

45
Q

oral contraceptive

A

a birth control pill, typically consisting of steroid hormones to prevent ovulation

46
Q

sexual attraction

A

the first step in the mating behavior of many animals, in which animals emit stimuli that attract members of the opposite sex

47
Q

appetitive behavior

A

the second stage of mating behavior; it helps establish or maintain sexual attraction

48
Q

proceptive

A

referring to a state in which an animal advertises its readiness to mate through species-typical behaviors, such as ear wiggling in the female rat

49
Q

copulation

A

the sexual act; also called coitus

50
Q

intromission

A

insertion of the erect penis into the vagina during copulation

51
Q

vagina

A

the opening from the outside of the body to the cervix and uterus in females

52
Q

ejaculation

A

the forceful expulsion of semen from the penis

53
Q

semen

A

a mixture of fluid, including sperm, that is released during ejaculation

54
Q

refractory phase

A

a period following copulation during which an individual cannot recommence copulation

55
Q

Coolidge effect

A

the propensity of an animal that has appeared sexually satiated with a present partner to resume sexual activity when provided with a new partner

56
Q

sexually receptive

A

referring to the state in which an individual (in mammals, typically the female) is willing to copulate

57
Q

estrus

A

the period during which female animals are sexually receptive

58
Q

postcopulatory behavior

A

the final stage in mating behavior; species-specific postcopulatory behaviors include the rolling (in the cat) and grooming (in the rat)

59
Q

copulatory lock

A

reproductive behavior in which the male’s penis swells after ejaculation so the male and female are forced to remain joined for 5-10 minutes; it occurs in dogs and some rodents, but not in humans

60
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell (sperm or ovum) that contains only unpaired chromosomes and therefore has only half of the usual number of chromosomes

61
Q

sperm

A

the gamete produced by males for the fertilization of eggs (ova)

62
Q

ovum

A

an egg, the female gamete

63
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg

64
Q

ovulation

A

the production and release of an egg (ovum)

65
Q

lordosis

A

a female receptive posture in four-legged animals in which the hind-quarter is raised and the tail is turned to one side, facilitating intromission by the male

66
Q

activational effect

A

a temporary change in behavior resulting from the administration of a hormone to an adult animal

67
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

a hypothalamic region involved in eating and sexual behaviors

68
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

the region of the midbrain surrounding the cerebral aqueduct that connects the third and fourth ventricles; rich in neuronal cell bodies, it is involved in pain perception and reproductive behavior

69
Q

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

A

a region of the anterior hypothalamus implicated in the control of many behaviors, including thermoregulation, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion

70
Q

vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

a collection of specialized receptor cells, near to but separate from the olfactory epithelium, that detect pheromones and send electrical signals to the accessory olfactory bulb in the brain

71
Q

medial amygdala

A

a portion of the amygdala that receives olfactory and pheromonal information

72
Q

parental behavior

A

behavior of adult animals that has the goal of enhancing the well-being of their own offspring, often at some cost to the parents

73
Q

parabiotic

A

referring to a surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply

74
Q

orgasm

A

the climax of sexual behavior, marked by extremely pleasurable sensations

75
Q

phallus

A

the clitoris or penis

76
Q

double-blind test

A

a test of a drug or treatment in which neither the subjects nor the attending researchers know which subjects are receiving the drug (treatment) and which are receiving the placebo (control)

77
Q

sexual differentiation

A

the process by which individuals develop either malelike or femalelike bodies and behavior

78
Q

sex determination

A

the process by which it is established that a fetus will develop as a male or female

79
Q

indifferent gonads

A

the undifferentiated gonads of the early mammalian fetus, which will eventually develop into either testes or gonads

80
Q

SRY gene

A

a gene on the Y chromosome that directs the developing gonads to become testes; the name SRY stands for Sex-determining Region on the Y chromosome

81
Q

genital tubercule

A

in the early fetus, a “bump” between the legs that can develop into either a clitoris or a penis

82
Q

wolffian duct

A

a duct system in the embryo that will develop into male reproductive structures (epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles) if testes are present in the embryo

83
Q

müllerian duct

A

a duct system in the embryo that will develop into female reproductive structures (oviduct, uterus, and upper vagina) if testes are not present in the embryo

84
Q

anti-müllerian hormone (AMH)

A

a protein hormone secreted by the fetal testes that inhibits müllerian duct development; also called müllerian regression hormone

85
Q

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

the 5-alpha–reduced metabolite of testosterone; DHT is a potent androgen that is principally responsible for the masculinization of the external genitalia of the external genitalia in mammalian sexual differentiation

86
Q

5-alpha-reductase

A

an enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone

87
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

a condition, seen in individuals carrying a single X chromosome but no other sex chromosome, in which an apparent female has underdeveloped but recognizable ovaries

88
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

any of several genetic mutations that can cause a female fetus to be exposed to adrenal androgens, resulting in partial masculinization at birth

89
Q

intersex

A

referring to an individual with atypical genital development and sexual differentiation that generally resembles a form intermediate between typical male and typical female genitals

90
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

a syndrome caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene that renders tissues insensitive to androgenic hormones like testosterone; affected XY individuals are phenotypic females, but they have internal testes and regressed internal genital structures

91
Q

guevedoces

A

a nickname for individuals who are raised as girls but at puberty change appearance and begin behaving as boys; literally, “eggs at 12” in Spanish

92
Q

organizational effect

A

a permanent alteration of the nervous system, and thus permanent change in behavior, resulting from the action of a steroid hormone on an animal early in its development

93
Q

sensitive period

A

the period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment

94
Q

neonatal

A

referring to newborns

95
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

the condition in which males and females of the same species show pronounced sex differences in appearance

96
Q

sexually dimorphic nucleus of the pre optic area (SDN-POA)

A

a region of the preoptic area that is five to six times larger in volume in male rats than in females

97
Q

spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB)

A

a group of motoneurons in the spinal cord of rats that innervate striated muscles controlling the penis

98
Q

Onuf’s nucleus

A

the human homolog of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) in rats

99
Q

fraternal birth order effects

A

a phenomenon in human populations, such that the more older biological brothers a boy has, the more likely he is to develop a homosexual orientation

Biopsych (16 decks)

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