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Biopsych > chapter 13: memory, learning, and development > Flashcards

chapter 13: memory, learning, and development Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience

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2
Q

memory

A
  1. the ability to retain information, based on the mental processes of learning or encoding, retention across some interval of time (consolidation), and the retrieval or reactivation of the memory; 2. the specific information stored in the brain
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3
Q

amnesia

A

severe impairment of memory

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4
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia

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5
Q

patient H.M.

A

a patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe structure, was unable to encode new declarative memories

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6
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

difficulty in forming new memories beginning with the onset of the disorder

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7
Q

hippocampus

A

a medial temporal lobe structure that is important for learning and memory

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8
Q

declarative memory

A

a memory that can be stated or described

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9
Q

nondeclarative memory/procedural memory

A

a memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection

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10
Q

delayed non-matching-to-sample task

A

a test in which the subject must respond to the unfamiliar stimulus of a pair

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11
Q

patient N.A.

A

a patient who is unable to encode new declarative memories, because of damage to the dorsomedizal thalamus and the mammillary bodies

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12
Q

dorsomedial thalamus

A

a limbic system structure that is connected to the hippocampus

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13
Q

mammillary body

A

one of a pair of limbic system structures that are connected to the hippocampus

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14
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

a memory disorder, related to a thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism; commonly accompanied with confabulation

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15
Q

confabulate

A

to fill in a gap in memory with a falsification

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16
Q

patient K.C.

A

a patient who sustained damage to the cortex that renders him unable to form and retrieve new episodic memories

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17
Q

episodic memory

A

memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place; also called autobiographical memory

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18
Q

semantic memory

A

generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word without knowing where or when you learned the word

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19
Q

skill learning

A

the process of learning to perform a challenging task simply by repeating it over and over

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20
Q

basal ganglia

A

a group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres; crucial for skill learning

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21
Q

priming

A

the phenomenon by which exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar stimulus

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22
Q

associative learning

A

a type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response; includes both classical and instrumental conditioning

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23
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of association in which an originally neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) – through pairing with another stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus, or US) that elicits a particular response – acquires the power to elicit that response when presented alone; response elicited by the US is called an unconditioned response (UR), a response elicited by the CS alone is called a conditioned response (CR)

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24
Q

cerebellum

A

a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement and in classical conditioning

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25
Q

instrumental conditioning or operant conditioning

A

a form of associative learning in which the likelihood that an act (instrumental response) will be performed depends on the consequences (reinforcing stimuli) that follow it

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26
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the relative spatial organization of objects and information

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27
Q

place cell

A

a neuron in the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location

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28
Q

iconic memory

A

a very brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene

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29
Q

short-term memory (STM) or working memory

A

a form of memory that usually lasts only seconds, or as long as rehearsal continues

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30
Q

long-term memory (LTM)

A

an enduring form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months, or years and has a very large capacity

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31
Q

encoding

A

the first process in the memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory

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32
Q

consolidation

A

the second process in the memory system, in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory

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33
Q

retrieval

A

the third process of the memory system, in which a stored memory is used by an organism

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34
Q

primacy effect

A

the superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the start of a list; it is usually attributed to long-term memory

35
Q

recency effect

A

the superior performance seen in a memory task for items at the end of a list; it is usually attributed to short-term memory

36
Q

memory trace

A

a persistent change in the brain that reflects the storage of memory

37
Q

reconsolidation

A

the return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall

38
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

39
Q

standard condition (SC)

A

the usual environment for laboratory rodents, with very few animals in a cage and adequate food and water, but no complex stimulation

40
Q

impoverished condition (IC)

A

an environment for laboratory rodents in which animals are housed singly in a small cage without complex stimuli; also called isolated condition

41
Q

enriched condition (EC)

A

an environment for laboratory rodents in which animals are grot-housed with a wide variety of stimulus objects

42
Q

nonassociative learning

A

a type of learning in which presentation of a particular stimulus alters the strength or probability of a response according to the strength and temporal spacing of that stimulus; includes habituation and sensitization

43
Q

habituation

A

a form of non associative learning in which an organism becomes less responses following repeated presentation of a stimulus

44
Q

Hebbian synapse

A

a synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell

45
Q

tetanus

A

an intense volley of action potentials

46
Q

long-term potentiation

A

a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation

47
Q

dentate gyrus

A

a strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation

48
Q

glutamate

A

an amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter

49
Q

NMDA receptor

A

a glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NMDA and that is both ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive

50
Q

AMPA receptor

A

a glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist AMPA

51
Q

retrograde transmitter

A

a neurotransmitter that is released by the postsynaptic region, diffuses back across the synapse, and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron

52
Q

ectoderm

A

the outer cellular layer of the developing fetus, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system

53
Q

neural tube

A

an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

54
Q

forebrain

A

the front division of the brain, which, in the mature vertebrate, contains the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus

55
Q

midbrain

A

the middle division of the brain

56
Q

hindbrain

A

the rear division of the brain, which, in the mature vertebrate, contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

57
Q

embryo

A

the earliest stage in a developing animal

58
Q

fetus

A

a developing individual after the embryo stage

59
Q

neurogenesis

A

the mitotic division of nonneural cells to produce neurons

60
Q

mitosis

A

the process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA

61
Q

ventricular zone

A

a region lining the cerebral ventricles that displays mitosis, providing neurons early in development and glial cells throughout life

62
Q

cell migration

A

the movement of cells from site of origin to final location

63
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene

64
Q

cell differentiation

A

the developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as a result of expressing particular genes

65
Q

synaptogenesis

A

the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

66
Q

cell-cell interaction

A

the general process during development in which once cell affects the differentiation of other, usually neighboring cells

67
Q

stem cell

A

a cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce

68
Q

adult neurogenesis

A

the creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult

69
Q

cell death or apoptosis

A

the developmental process during which “surplus” cells die

70
Q

death gene

A

a gene that is expressed only when a cell becomes committed to natural cell death (apoptosis)

71
Q

neurotrophic factor

A

a target-derived chemical that acts as if it “feeds” certain neurons to help them survive

72
Q

synapse rearrangement

A

the loss of some synapses and the development of others; a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development

73
Q

genotype

A

all the genetic information that one specific individual has inherited

74
Q

phenotype

A

the sum of an individual’s physical characteristic at one particular time

75
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

an inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of an enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability

76
Q

clones

A

asexually produced organisms that are genetically identical

77
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of factors that affect gene expression without making any changes in the nucleotide sequence of the genes themselves

78
Q

methylation

A

a chemical modification of DNA that does not affect the nucleotide sequence of a gene but makes that gene less likely to be expressed

79
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

a form of dementia that may appear in middle age but is more frequent among the aged

80
Q

dementia

A

drastic failure of cognitive ability, including memory failure and loss of orientation

81
Q

amyloid plaque

A

a small are of the brain that has abnormal cellular and chemical patterns; correlates with dementia

82
Q

beta-amyloid

A

a protein that accumulates in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease

83
Q

neurofibrillary tangle

A

an abnormal whorl of neurofilaments within nerve cells that is seen in Alzheimer’s disease

84
Q

tau

A

a protein associated with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease

Biopsych (16 decks)

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