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Biopsych > chapter 10: biological rhythms and sleep > Flashcards

chapter 10: biological rhythms and sleep Flashcards

1
Q

biological rhythms

A

a regular fluctuation in any living processes

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2
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period

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3
Q

ultradian

A

referring to a rhythmic biological event whose period is shorter than that of a circadian rhythm, usually from several minutes to several hours long

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4
Q

infradian

A

referring to a rhythmic biological even those period is longer than that of a circadian rhythm (longer than a day)

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5
Q

diurnal

A

active during the light periods of the daily cycle

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6
Q

nocturnal

A

active during the dark periods of the daily cycle

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7
Q

free-running

A

referring to a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about time of day

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8
Q

period

A

the interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset

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9
Q

phase shift

A

a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus

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10
Q

entrainment

A

the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

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11
Q

zeitgeber

A

the stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms

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12
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

a small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chasm that is the location of the circadian clock

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13
Q

melatonin

A

an amine hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland at night, thereby signaling day length to the brain

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14
Q

retinohypothalamic pathway

A

the route by which retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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15
Q

melanopsin

A

a photopigment found within particular retinal ganglion cells that projects to the suprachiasmatic nucelus

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16
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

the recording and study of gross electrical activity of the brain via large electrodes placed on the scalp

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17
Q

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

sleep, divided into stages 1-3, that is defined by the presence of slow-wave EEG activity; also called non-REM sleep

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18
Q

rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

A

a stage of sleep characterized by small-amplitude, fast-EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements; also called paradoxical sleep

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19
Q

desynchronized EEG

A

a pattern of EEG activity comprising a mix of many different high frequencies with low amplitude

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20
Q

alpha rhythm

A

a brain potential of 8-12 hertz that occurs during relaxed wakefulness

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21
Q

vertex spike

A

a sharp-wave EEG pattern that is seen during stage 1 sleep

22
Q

stage 1 sleep

A

the initial stage of slow-wave sleep, which is characterized by small-amplitude EEG waves of irregular frequency, slow heart rate, and reduced muscle tension

23
Q

stage 2 sleep

A

a stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by bursts of regular 14- to 18-hertz EEG waves called sleep spindles

24
Q

sleep spindle

A

a characteristic 14- to 18- hertz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep

25
Q

K complex

A

a sharp, negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep

26
Q

stage 3 sleep

A

a stage of slow-wave sleep that is defined by the presence of large amplitude, slow delta waves

27
Q

delta wave

A

the slowest type of EEG wave, characteristic of stage 3 sleep

28
Q

nightmare

A

a long, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep

29
Q

night terror

A

a sudden arousal from stage 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation

30
Q

sleep deprivation

A

the partial or total prevention of sleep

31
Q

sleep recovery

A

the process of sleeping more than normally after a period of sleep deprivation, as though in compensation

32
Q

ecological niche

A

the unique assortment of environmental opportunities and challenges to which each organism is adapted

33
Q

isolated brain

A

an experimental preparation in which an animal’s brainstem has been separated from the spinal cord by a cut below the medulla

34
Q

isolated forebrain

A

an experimental preparation in which an animal’s nervous system has been cut in the upper midbrain, dividing the forebrain from the brainstem

35
Q

basal forebrain

A

a ventral region in the forebrain that has been implicated in sleep

36
Q

tuberomamillary nucleus

A

a region of the basal hypothalamus, near the pituitary stalk, that plays a role in generating slow-wave sleep

37
Q

general anesthetic

A

a drug that renders an individual unconscious

38
Q

reticular formation

A

an extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the medulla through the thalamus) that is involved in arousal (awaking); also called reticular activating system

39
Q

locus coeruleus

A

a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modular large areas of the forebrain

40
Q

narcolepsy

A

a disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours

41
Q

cataplexy

A

sudden loss of muscle tone, leading to collapse of the body without loss of consciousness; sometimes a common component of narcoleptic attacks

42
Q

hypocretin

A

a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite; also called orexin

43
Q

sleep paralysis

A

a state, during the transition to or from sleep, in which the ability to move or talk is temporarily lost

44
Q

sleep enuresis

A

bed-wetting

45
Q

somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

46
Q

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

A

a sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream

47
Q

sleep-onset insomnia

A

difficulty in falling asleep

48
Q

sleep-maintenance insomnia

A

difficulty in staying asleep

49
Q

sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient; excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal awakening

50
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

the sudden, unexpected death of an apparently healthy human infant who simply stops breathing, usually during sleep; also called crib death

51
Q

sleep state misperception

A

commonly, a person’s perception that he has not been sleeping which in fact he has; typically occurs at the start of a sleep episode

Biopsych (16 decks)

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