Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biopsych > chapter 7: vision – from eye to brain > Flashcards

chapter 7: vision – from eye to brain Flashcards

1
Q

retina

A

the receptive surface inside the eye that contains photoreceptors and other neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

transduction

A

the conversion of one form of energy to another, as converting light into neuronal activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cornea

A

the transparent outer layer of the eye, whose curvature is fixed; bends light rays and is primarily responsible for forming the image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

refraction

A

the bending of light rays by a change in the density of a medium, such as the cornea and the lens of the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

lens

A

a structure in the eye that helps focus an image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ciliary muscle

A

one of the muscles that control the shape of the lens inside the eye, focusing an image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the ciliary muscles adjust the lens to focus a sharp image on the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

myopia

A

nearsightedness; the inability to focus the retinal image of objects that are far away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

extraocular muscle

A

one of the muscles attached to the eyeball that control its position and movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

photoreceptor

A

a neural cell in the retina that responds to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rod

A

a photoreceptor cell in the retina that is most active at low levels of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cone

A

any of several classes of photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bipolar cell

A

an interneuron in the retina that receives information from rods and cones and passes the information to retinal ganglion cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ganglion cell

A

any of a class of cells in the retina whose axons form the optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

optic nerve

A

cranial nerve II; the collection of ganglion cell axons that extend from the retina to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

horizontal cell

A

a specialized retinal cell that contacts both receptor cells and bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amacrine cell

A

a specialized retinal cell that contacts both bipolar cells and ganglion cells, and is especially significant in inhibitory interactions within the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

scotopic system

A

a system in the retina that operates at low levels of light and involves the rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

convergence

A

the phenomenon of neural connections in which many cells send signals to a single cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

photopic system

A

a system in the retina that operates at high levels of light, shows sensitivity to color, and involves the cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rhodopsin

A

the photopigment in rods that respond to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pupil

A

the opening, formed by the iris, that allows light to enter the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

iris

A

the circular structure of the eye that provides an opening to form the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

range fractionation

A

the means by which sensory systems cover a wide range of intensity values, as each sensory receptor cell specializes in just one part of the overall range off intensities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

photoreceptor adaptation

A

the tendency of rods and cones to adjust their light sensitivity to match ambient levels of illumination

26
Q

visual acuity

A

sharpness of vision

27
Q

fovea

A

the central portion of the retina, which is packed with the highest density of photoreceptors and is the center of our gaze

28
Q

optic disc

A

the region of the retina that is devoid of receptor cells because ganglion cells axons and blood vessels exit the eyeball there

29
Q

blind spot

A

the portion of the visual field from which light falls on the optic disc; because there are no receptors in this region, light striking the blind spot cannot be seen

30
Q

occipital cortex

A

also called visual cortex; the cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain

31
Q

optic chiasm

A

the point at which the two optic nerves meet

32
Q

optic tract

A

the axons of retinal ganglion cells after they have passed the optic chimes; most of these axons terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus

33
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

the part of the thalamus that receives information from the optic tract and sends it to visual areas in the occipital cortex

34
Q

optic radiation

A

axons from the lateral geniculate that terminate in the primary visual areas of the occipital cortex

35
Q

primary visual cortex (V1) or striate cortex

A

the region of the occipital cortex where most visual information first arrives; also called area 17

36
Q

binocular

A

two-eyed

37
Q

extrastriate cortex

A

visual cortex outside of the primary visual (striate) cortex

38
Q

visual field

A

the whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes

39
Q

topographic projection

A

a mapping that preserves the point-to-point correspondence between neighboring parts of space; for example, the retina extends a topographic projection onto the cortex

40
Q

scotoma

A

a region of blindness within the visual fields, caused by injury to the visual pathway or brain

41
Q

blindsight

A

the paradoxical phenomenon whereby, within a scotoma, a person cannot consciously perceive visual cues but may still be able to make some visual discrimination

42
Q

receptive field

A

the stimulus region and features that affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system

43
Q

on-center bipolar cell

A

a retinal bipolar cell that is excited by light in the center of its receptive field

44
Q

off-center bipolar cell

A

a retinal bipolar cell that is inhibited by light in the center of its receptive field

45
Q

on-center ganglion cell

A

a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the center, rather than the periphery, of the cell’s receptive field

46
Q

off-center ganglion cell

A

a retinal ganglion cell that is activated when light is presented to the periphery, rather than the center, of the cell’s receptive field

47
Q

on-center/off-surround

A

referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center excites the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround inhibits it

48
Q

off-center/on-surround

A

referring to a concentric receptive field in which stimulation of the center inhibits the cell of interest while stimulation of the surround excites it

49
Q

lateral inhibition

A

the phenomenon by which interconnected neurons inhibit their neighbors, producing contrast at the edges of regions

50
Q

simple cortical cell

A

a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to an edge or a bar that has a particular width, as well as a particular orientation and location in the visual field

51
Q

complex cortical cell

A

a cell in the visual cortex that responds best to a bar of a particular size and orientation anywhere within a particular area of the visual field, also sensitive to motion

52
Q

spatial-frequency model

A

a model of vision that emphasizes the analysis of different spatial frequencies, of various orientations and in various parts of the visual field, as the basis of visual perception of form

53
Q

wavelength

A

the length between two peaks in a repeated stimulus such as a wave, light, or sound

54
Q

brightness

A

one of the three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from dark to light

55
Q

hue

A

one of the three basic dimensions of light perception, varying around the color circle through blue, green, yellow, orange, and red

56
Q

saturation

A

one of the three basic dimensions of light perception, varying from rich to pale

57
Q

trichromatic hypothesis

A

a hypothesis of color perception stating that there are three different types of cones, each excited by a different region of the spectrum and each having a separate pathway to the brain

58
Q

opponent-process hypothesis

A

a hypothesis of color perception static that different systems produce opposite responses to light of different wavelengths

59
Q

spectrally opponent cell

A

a visual receptor cell that has opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum

60
Q

optic ataxia

A

spatial disorientation in which the patient is unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance

61
Q

amblyopia

A

reduced visual acuity that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments

Biopsych (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions