Chapter 9: Holistic-Dynamic Theory (Maslow) Flashcards
A brilliant young college student was struggling through his third school. Although he performed reasonably well in courses that aroused his interest, his work was so poor in other classes that he was placed on academic probation.
Abraham Maslow
Later, this young man took an IQ test on which he scored 195, a score so high that it can be achieved by only about one person in several million.
Abraham Maslow
Interestingly, the young woman who was the object of his affections was also his _____.
first cousin
The personality theory of Abraham Maslow has variously been called humanistic theory, transpersonal theory, the third force in psychology, the fourth force in personality, needs theory, and self-actualization theory.
Holistic-Dynamic Theory
The first force in Psychology
Psychoanalysis
The second force in Psychology
Behaviorism
The third force in Psychology
The theories of Maslow, Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Rollo May.
Despite several years of psychoanalysis, he never overcame the intense hatred of his _____and refused to attend her funeral, despite pleas from his siblings who did not share his hateful feelings for their _____.
mother
His introductory psychology professor was _____, a renowned pioneer in psychology who taught all his classes in full academic robes
Edward B. Titchener
Maslow received many honors during his lifetime, including his election to the presidency of the _____ for the year 1967–1968.
American Psychological Association
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs concept assumes that lower level needs must be _____ or at least relatively _____ before higher level needs become activated.
satisfied
The five needs composing this hierarchy are _____ needs, meaning that they have a striving or motivational character
conative
- Physiological Needs
- Safety Needs
- Love and Belongingness Needs
- Esteem Needs
- Self-Actualization Needs
Hierarchy of Needs
Safety needs differ from physiological needs in that they cannot be _____.
overly satisfied — people can never be completely protected from meteorites, fires, floods, or the dangerous acts of others.
After people partially satisfy their physiological and safety needs, they become motivated by _____ needs.
love and belongingness
Maslow identified two levels of esteem needs—_____.
reputation and self-esteem
Maslow identified two levels of esteem needs—_____.
reputation and self-esteem
_____ is the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others, whereas _____ is a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence.
Reputation, Self-esteem
Why some people step over the threshold from esteem to self-actualization and others do not is a matter of whether or not they embrace the _____.
B-values
Self-actualization needs include _____, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word.
self-fulfillment
People with strong _____ desire beautiful and orderly surroundings, and when these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they become sick when their conative needs are frustrated.
aesthetic needs
When _____ needs are blocked, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy are threatened; that is, knowledge is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs.
cognitive
By definition, _____needs are nonproductive. They perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization.
neurotic
_____ needs are usually reactive; that is, they serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs.
Neurotic
- Reversed Order of Needs
- Unmotivated Behavior
- Expressive and Coping Behavior
- Deprivation of Needs
- Instinctoid Nature of Needs
- Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs
General Discussion of Needs
For some people, the drive for creativity (a selfactualization need) may take precedence over safety and physiological needs. An enthusiastic artist may risk safety and health to complete an important work.
Reversed Order of Needs
_____ is considered the founder and spiritual leader of the humanistic psychology movement.
Abraham Maslow
Maslow believed that even though all behaviors have a cause, some behaviors are not motivated. In other words, not all determinants are motives.
Unmotivated Behavior
_____behavior includes such actions as slouching, looking stupid, being relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy
Expressive behavior
On the other hand, _____ is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and determined by the external environment. It involves the individual’s attempts to cope with the environment; to secure food and shelter; to make friends; and to receive acceptance, appreciation, and prestige from others
coping behavior
Lack of satisfaction with any of the basic needs leads to some kind of pathology is _____.
Deprivation of Needs
Maslow hypothesizes that some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning. He called these needs _____.
Instinctoid Nature of Needs
The need to comb one’s hair or to speak one’s native tongue is learned, and the frustration of these needs does not ordinarily produce illness. If one would become psychologically ill as the result of not being able to comb one’s hair or to speak one’s native language, then the frustrated need is actually a basic _____ need, perhaps love and belongingness or possibly esteem.
Instinctoid Nature
- Free from psychopathology
- Had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
- B-values
- “Full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc.”
Criteria for Self-Actualization
He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self-actualizing people, which he
called _____.
metamotivation
The values of self-actualizing people include truth, goodness, beauty, wholeness or the transcendence of dichotomies, aliveness or spontaneity, uniqueness, perfection, completion, justice and order, simplicity, richness or totality, effortlessness, playfulness or humor, and self-sufficiency or autonomy.
14 Being Values
- More Efficient Perception of Reality (vs. fake)
- Acceptance of Self, Others, and Nature (no critical others)
- Spontaneity, Simplicity, and Naturalness (real, no social demands)
- Problem-Centering (do not blame people)
- The Need for Privacy
- Autonomy (Do not care about other opinions, no approval from others)
- Continued Freshness of Appreciation (appreciative)
- The Peak Experience (momentum)
- Gemeinschaftsgefühl
- Profound Interpersonal Relations (few friends)
- The Democratic Character Structure (not racist)
- Discrimination Between Means and Ends
- Philosophical Sense of Humor
- Creativeness
- Resistance to Enculturation
Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
Another obstacle that often blocks people’s growth toward self-actualization is the _____, or the fear of being one’s best.
Inhibition of becoming fully self-actualized—that is, of fulfilling one’s potential—for fear of facing new challenges and situations. It is named for the biblical prophet _____, who attempted to evade the mission imposed on him by God.
Jonah Complex (Safeguarding Tendency’s Excuses)
To Maslow, the aim of therapy would be for clients to embrace the Being-values, that is, to value truth, justice, goodness, simplicity, and so forth.
Maslow’s Psychotherapy
Everett L. Shostrom developed the _____ in an attempt to measure the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people.
Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)
