Chapter 6: Humanistic Psychoanalysis (Erich Fromm) Flashcards
_____ contributes to feelings of loneliness, isolation, and homelessness.
Self-awareness
Trained in Freudian psychoanalysis and influenced by Karl Marx, _____, and other socially-oriented theorists, Fromm developed a theory of personality that emphasizes the influence of sociobiological factors, history, economics, and class structure
Karen Horney
_____ assumes that humanity’s separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a condition called basic anxiety.
humanistic psychoanalysis
He recalled that he had “very _____ parents” and that he was “probably a rather unbearably _____ child”.
neurotic, neurotic
Fromm believed that humans, unlike other animals, have been “torn away” from their prehistoric union with ______.
nature
They have no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing world; instead, they have acquired the facility to reason—a condition Fromm called the _____.
human dilemma
The human ability to reason, therefore, is both a _____.
blessing and a curse
On one hand, it permits people to survive, but on the other, it forces them to attempt to solve basic insoluble dichotomies
existential dichotomies
The first and most fundamental dichotomy is that between _____.
life and death
A second existential dichotomy is that humans are capable of conceptualizing the goal of _____, but we also are aware that life is too short to reach that goal.
complete self-realization
The third existential dichotomy is that _____, yet we cannot tolerate isolation
people are ultimately alone
As animals, humans are motivated by such physiological needs as hunger, sex, and safety; but they can never resolve their human dilemma by satisfying these animal needs.
Human Needs
Healthy individuals are better able to find ways of reuniting with the world by productively solving the human needs of relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, a sense of identity, and a frame of orientation.
Fromm STFRR
The first human, or existential, need is _____, the drive for union with another person or other persons.
relatedness
Fromm postulated three basic ways in which a person may relate to the world: (1) submission, (2) power, and (3) love.
submission, power, and love
“In this way he transcends the separateness of his individual existence by becoming part of somebody or something bigger than himself and experiences his identity in
connection with the power to which he has submitted”.
Submission
Whereas submissive people search for a relationship with domineering people, welcome submissive partners.
Power
The two partners “live on each other and from each other, satisfying their craving for closeness, yet suffering from the lack of inner strength and self-reliance which would require freedom and independence”.
symbiotic relationship
Fromm believed that _____ is the only route by which a person can become united with the world and, at the same time, achieve individuality and integrity.
love
_____ involves sharing and communion with another, yet it allows a person the freedom to be unique and separate.
Love
In The Art of Loving, Fromm identified _____ as four basic elements common to all forms of genuine love.
care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge
Like other animals, humans are thrown into the world without their consent or will and then removed from it—again without their consent or will.
Transcendence
Relatedness is Submission vs. Love
Transcendence is Destruct vs. Create
Rootedness is Fixation vs. Wholeness
Sense of Identity is Conform vs. Individuality
Frame of Orientation Irrational Goals vs. Rational Goals
Human Needs
As children become more independent of their mothers, they gain more freedom to express their individuality, to move around unsupervised, to choose their friends, clothes, and so on. At the same time, they experience _____; that is, they are free from the security of being one with the mother. On both a social and an individual level, this burden of freedom results in basic anxiety, the feeling of being alone in the world.
The Burden of Freedom
Authoritarianism
Destructiveness
Conformity
Mechanisms of Escape
“tendency to give up the independence of one’s own individual self and to fuse one’s self with somebody or something outside oneself, in order to acquire the strength which the individual is lacking”
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism: results from basic feelings of powerlessness, weakness, and inferiority and is aimed at
joining the self to a more powerful person or institution
Masochism
1 Need to make others dependent on oneself
2 Compulsion to exploit others
3 Desire to see others suffer
Sadism
Mechanism of Escape: rooted in the feelings of aloneness, isolation, and powerlessness.
Destructiveness
Mechanism of Escape: The more they conform, the more powerless they feel; the more powerless they feel, the more they must conform.
Solution _____.
Positive Freedom
Nonproductive Orientations
The Productive Orientation
Character Orientations
_____ defined personality as “the totality of inherited and acquired psychic qualities which are characteristic of one individual and which make the individual unique”.
Fromm
“the relatively permanent system of all noninstinctual strivings through which man relates himself to the human and natural world”.
Character
People relate to the world in two ways—by acquiring and using things _____ and by relating to self and others _____.
Assimilation, Socialization
Receptive
Exploitative
Hoarding
Marketing
Nonproductive Orientations
Work
Love
Reasoning
The Productive Orientation
Necrophilia
Malignant Narcissism - hypochondriasis, neurotic claims
Incestuous Symbiosis
Personality Disorders
Some pathologic individuals possess all three personality disorders is called _____.
Syndrome of Decay
Syndrome of Growth
Biophilia, Love, and Positive Freedom.
Compared with Freud, Fromm was much more concerned with the _____ aspects of a therapeutic encounter.
interpersonal
Patients come to therapy seeking satisfaction of their ______—relatedness, transcendence, rootedness, a sense of identity, and a frame of orientation
basic human needs
Fromm asked patients to reveal their ______. He believed that _____, as well as fairy tales and myths, are expressed in symbolic language—the only universal language humans have developed.
dreams
Not all dream symbols, however, are universal; some are accidental and depend on the dreamer’s _____ before going to sleep; others are regional or national and depend on climate, geography, and dialect.
mood
Social Character in a Mexican Village
A Psychohistorical Study of Hitler
Methods of Investigation
Most brilliant _____ of all personality theorist.
essayist
