Chapter 7: Interpersonal Theory (Harry Stack Sullivan)

Question 1

The first American to construct a comprehensive personality theory, believed that people develop their personality within a social context. Without other people, Sullivan contended, humans would have no personality.

Answer 1

Harry Stack Sullivan

Question 2

Emphasizes the importance of various developmental stages—infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence, and adulthood.

Answer 2

Interpersonal Theory

Question 3

This chum was _____.

Answer 3

Clarence Bellinger

Question 4

As an adult, he brought into his home a 15-year-old boy who was probably a former patient. This young man—_____—remained with Sullivan for 22 years, looking after his financial affairs, typing manuscripts, and generally running the household.

Answer 4

James Inscoe

Question 5

Needs

Anxiety

Answer 5

Tensions

Question 6

Like Freud and Jung, Sullivan saw personality as an _____ system. Energy can exist either as tension (potentiality for action) or as actions themselves (energy transformations).

Answer 6

energy

Question 7

Tensions that are transformed into actions, either overt or covert, are called _____.

Answer 7

energy transformations

Question 8

Energy transformations become organized as typical behavior patterns that characterize a person throughout a lifetime. Sullivan called these behavior patterns _____, a term that means about the same as traits or habit patterns.

Kapag naging organized an young Energy Transformations it will form.

Answer 8

dynamisms

Question 9

Malevolence
Intimacy
Lust
Self-System

Answer 9

Dynamisms

Question 10

2 Major Classes of Dynamism:

Answer 10

1. Related to mouth, anus, and genitals

2. Related to tensions. (3)

Question 11

3 Categories of Tension Class of Dynamisms:

Answer 11

1. Disjunctive = Malevolence; destructive
2. Isolating = Lust; unrelated to interpersonal
3. Conjunctive = beneficial behavior pattern; intimacy and self-system

Question 12

1. Disjunctive = Malevolence; destructive
2. Isolating = Lust; unrelated to interpersonal
3. Conjunctive = beneficial behavior pattern; intimacy and self-system

Answer 12

3 Categories of Tension Class of Dynamisms:

Question 13

include those destructive patterns of behavior that are related to the concept of malevolence;

Answer 13

Disjunctive dynamisms

Question 14

include those behavior patterns (such as lust) that are unrelated to interpersonal relations;

Answer 14

Isolating dynamisms

Question 15

include beneficial behavior patterns, such as intimacy and the self-system.

Answer 15

Conjunctive dynamisms

Question 16

_____ actions often take the form of timidity, mischievousness, cruelty, or other kinds of asocial or antisocial behavior.

When parents attempt to control their children’s behavior by physical pain or reproving remarks, some children will learn to withhold any expression of the need for tenderness and to protect themselves by adopting the _____ attitude.

Answer 16

Malevolence

Question 17

Because _____ is a dynamism that requires an equal partnership, it does not usually exist in parent-child relationships unless both are adults and see one another as equals.

Answer 17

Intimacy

Question 18

Intimacy is an _____ dynamism.

Answer 18

integrating

Question 19

Lust is an _____ tendency, requiring no other person for its satisfaction.

Answer 19

isolating

Question 20

The most complex and inclusive of all the dynamisms is the _____, a consistent pattern of behaviors that maintains people’s interpersonal security by protecting them from anxiety.

Answer 20

self-system

Question 21

As children develop intelligence and foresight, they become able to learn which behaviors are related to an increase or decrease in anxiety. This ability to detect slight increases or decreases in anxiety provides the self-system with a _____.

Answer 21

built-in warning device.

Question 22

Dissociation and Selective Inattention.

Answer 22

Two important Security Operations

Question 23

Bad-Mother, Good-Mother
Me Personifications
Eidetic Personifications

Answer 23

Personifications

Question 24

Beginning in infancy and continuing throughout the various developmental stages, people acquire certain images of themselves and others.

Answer 24

Personifications

Question 25

That is, unrealistic traits or imaginary friends that many children invent in order to protect their self-esteem. Sullivan believed that these imaginary friends may be as significant to a child’s development as real playmates.

Answer 25

Eidetic Personifications

Question 26

Prototaxic, Parataxic, and Syntaxic

Answer 26

Levels of Cognition

Question 27

Levels of Cognition: The earliest and most primitive experiences of an infant take place on a _____. Because these experiences cannot be communicated to others, they are difficult to describe or define.

In adults, _____ experiences take the form of momentary sensations, images, feelings, moods, and impressions.

Answer 27

Prototaxic Level

Question 28

Levels of Cognition: _____ experiences are prelogical and usually result when a person assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that occur coincidentally.

Personal, prelogical, and communicated only in distorted form; candy and please

Answer 28

Parataxic Level

Question 29

This conclusion is a _____, or an illogical belief that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two events in close temporal proximity.

Answer 29

parataxic distortion

Question 30

Levels of Cognition: Experiences that are consensually validated and that can be symbolically communicated take place.

Meaningful interpersonal communication.

Answer 30

Syntaxic Level

Question 31

_____ change can take place at any time, but it is most likely to occur during the transition from one stage to the next. In fact, these threshold periods are more crucial than the stages themselves.

Answer 31

Personality

Question 32

1. Infancy 0-2 nanay
2. Childhood 2-6 parents
3. Juvenile Era 6-8.5 kalaro
4. Preadolescence 8.5-13 single chum
5. Early Adolescence 13-15 several chum
6. Late Adolescence 15 lover
7. Adulthood

Answer 32

Stages of Development

Question 33

Interpersonal Process: Tenderness

Important Learnings: Good/Bad mother, good/bad me

Answer 33

Infancy

Question 34

Interpersonal Process: Protect security thru imaginary friends

Important Learnings: Syntaxic language

Answer 34

Childhood

Question 35

Interpersonal Process: World peers

Important Learnings: competition, compromise, cooperation

Answer 35

Juvenile era

Question 36

Interpersonal Process: Intimacy

Important Learnings: Affection and respect with peers

Answer 36

Preadolescense

Question 37

Interpersonal Process: Intimacy + lust to diff persons

Important Learnings: Balance of lust, intimacy, security

Answer 37

Early adolescense

Question 38

Interpersonal Process: Fusion of intimacy + lust

Important Learnings: self-discovery and world outside self

Answer 38

Late Adolescense

Question 39

Interpersonal Process: perceptive of other people’s anxiety, needs, and security

Important Learnings: find life interesting and exciting.

Answer 39

Adulthood

Question 40

Sullivan believed that all psychological disorders have an interpersonal origin and can be understood only with reference to the patient’s _____ environment.

Answer 40

social

Question 41

Psychological disorders: Sullivan distinguished two broad classes of _____. The first included all those symptoms that originate from organic causes and are therefore beyond the study of interpersonal psychiatry. The second class included all schizophrenic disorders grounded in situational factors.

Answer 41

schizophrenia

Question 42

_____ reactions, which often precede schizophrenia, are characterized by loneliness, low self-esteem, the uncanny emotion, unsatisfactory relations with others, and ever-increasing anxiety.

Answer 42

Dissociated

Question 43

Because he believed that psychic disorders grow out of interpersonal difficulties, Sullivan based his therapeutic procedures on an effort to improve a patient’s _____ with others.

Answer 43

relationship

Question 44

To facilitate this Psychotherapy process, the therapist serves as a _____.

Answer 44

participant-observer

Question 45

______ is one such dynamic that can have a negative impact on children’s well-being. _____ is the act of dwelling on a negative event or negative aspects of an otherwise neutral or even positive event and is generally considered to be harmful as it is associated with an increase in depression.

Answer 45

Rumination