Chapter 7: Interpersonal Theory (Harry Stack Sullivan) Flashcards
The first American to construct a comprehensive personality theory, believed that people develop their personality within a social context. Without other people, Sullivan contended, humans would have no personality.
Harry Stack Sullivan
Emphasizes the importance of various developmental stages—infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, late adolescence, and adulthood.
Interpersonal Theory
This chum was _____.
Clarence Bellinger
As an adult, he brought into his home a 15-year-old boy who was probably a former patient. This young man—_____—remained with Sullivan for 22 years, looking after his financial affairs, typing manuscripts, and generally running the household.
James Inscoe
Needs
Anxiety
Tensions
Like Freud and Jung, Sullivan saw personality as an _____ system. Energy can exist either as tension (potentiality for action) or as actions themselves (energy transformations).
energy
Tensions that are transformed into actions, either overt or covert, are called _____.
energy transformations
Energy transformations become organized as typical behavior patterns that characterize a person throughout a lifetime. Sullivan called these behavior patterns _____, a term that means about the same as traits or habit patterns.
Kapag naging organized an young Energy Transformations it will form.
dynamisms
Malevolence
Intimacy
Lust
Self-System
Dynamisms
2 Major Classes of Dynamism:
- Related to mouth, anus, and genitals
2. Related to tensions. (3)
3 Categories of Tension Class of Dynamisms:
- Disjunctive = Malevolence; destructive
- Isolating = Lust; unrelated to interpersonal
- Conjunctive = beneficial behavior pattern; intimacy and self-system
- Disjunctive = Malevolence; destructive
- Isolating = Lust; unrelated to interpersonal
- Conjunctive = beneficial behavior pattern; intimacy and self-system
3 Categories of Tension Class of Dynamisms:
include those destructive patterns of behavior that are related to the concept of malevolence;
Disjunctive dynamisms
include those behavior patterns (such as lust) that are unrelated to interpersonal relations;
Isolating dynamisms
include beneficial behavior patterns, such as intimacy and the self-system.
Conjunctive dynamisms
_____ actions often take the form of timidity, mischievousness, cruelty, or other kinds of asocial or antisocial behavior.
When parents attempt to control their children’s behavior by physical pain or reproving remarks, some children will learn to withhold any expression of the need for tenderness and to protect themselves by adopting the _____ attitude.
Malevolence
Because _____ is a dynamism that requires an equal partnership, it does not usually exist in parent-child relationships unless both are adults and see one another as equals.
Intimacy
Intimacy is an _____ dynamism.
integrating
Lust is an _____ tendency, requiring no other person for its satisfaction.
isolating
The most complex and inclusive of all the dynamisms is the _____, a consistent pattern of behaviors that maintains people’s interpersonal security by protecting them from anxiety.
self-system
As children develop intelligence and foresight, they become able to learn which behaviors are related to an increase or decrease in anxiety. This ability to detect slight increases or decreases in anxiety provides the self-system with a _____.
built-in warning device.
Dissociation and Selective Inattention.
Two important Security Operations
Bad-Mother, Good-Mother
Me Personifications
Eidetic Personifications
Personifications
Beginning in infancy and continuing throughout the various developmental stages, people acquire certain images of themselves and others.
Personifications
That is, unrealistic traits or imaginary friends that many children invent in order to protect their self-esteem. Sullivan believed that these imaginary friends may be as significant to a child’s development as real playmates.
Eidetic Personifications
Prototaxic, Parataxic, and Syntaxic
Levels of Cognition
Levels of Cognition: The earliest and most primitive experiences of an infant take place on a _____. Because these experiences cannot be communicated to others, they are difficult to describe or define.
In adults, _____ experiences take the form of momentary sensations, images, feelings, moods, and impressions.
Prototaxic Level
Levels of Cognition: _____ experiences are prelogical and usually result when a person assumes a cause-and-effect relationship between two events that occur coincidentally.
Personal, prelogical, and communicated only in distorted form; candy and please
Parataxic Level
This conclusion is a _____, or an illogical belief that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two events in close temporal proximity.
parataxic distortion
Levels of Cognition: Experiences that are consensually validated and that can be symbolically communicated take place.
Meaningful interpersonal communication.
Syntaxic Level
_____ change can take place at any time, but it is most likely to occur during the transition from one stage to the next. In fact, these threshold periods are more crucial than the stages themselves.
Personality
- Infancy 0-2 nanay
- Childhood 2-6 parents
- Juvenile Era 6-8.5 kalaro
- Preadolescence 8.5-13 single chum
- Early Adolescence 13-15 several chum
- Late Adolescence 15 lover
- Adulthood
Stages of Development
Interpersonal Process: Tenderness
Important Learnings: Good/Bad mother, good/bad me
Infancy
Interpersonal Process: Protect security thru imaginary friends
Important Learnings: Syntaxic language
Childhood
Interpersonal Process: World peers
Important Learnings: competition, compromise, cooperation
Juvenile era
Interpersonal Process: Intimacy
Important Learnings: Affection and respect with peers
Preadolescense
Interpersonal Process: Intimacy + lust to diff persons
Important Learnings: Balance of lust, intimacy, security
Early adolescense
Interpersonal Process: Fusion of intimacy + lust
Important Learnings: self-discovery and world outside self
Late Adolescense
Interpersonal Process: perceptive of other people’s anxiety, needs, and security
Important Learnings: find life interesting and exciting.
Adulthood
Sullivan believed that all psychological disorders have an interpersonal origin and can be understood only with reference to the patient’s _____ environment.
social
Psychological disorders: Sullivan distinguished two broad classes of _____. The first included all those symptoms that originate from organic causes and are therefore beyond the study of interpersonal psychiatry. The second class included all schizophrenic disorders grounded in situational factors.
schizophrenia
_____ reactions, which often precede schizophrenia, are characterized by loneliness, low self-esteem, the uncanny emotion, unsatisfactory relations with others, and ever-increasing anxiety.
Dissociated
Because he believed that psychic disorders grow out of interpersonal difficulties, Sullivan based his therapeutic procedures on an effort to improve a patient’s _____ with others.
relationship
To facilitate this Psychotherapy process, the therapist serves as a _____.
participant-observer
______ is one such dynamic that can have a negative impact on children’s well-being. _____ is the act of dwelling on a negative event or negative aspects of an otherwise neutral or even positive event and is generally considered to be harmful as it is associated with an increase in depression.
Rumination
