Chapter 4: Object Relations Theory

Question 1

Melanie Klein, the woman who developed a theory that emphasized the _____ and _____ relationship between parent and child

Answer 1

nurturing, loving

Question 2

Her analyst, _____, was a bitter rival of Melanie Klein

Answer 2

Edward Glover

Question 3

In contrast to Freud, who emphasized the first 4 to 6 years of life, Klein stressed the importance of the first _____ months after birth.

Answer 3

4 to 6

Question 4

She insisted that the _____ (hunger, sex, and so forth) are directed to an object—a breast, a penis, a vagina, and so on

Answer 4

infant’s drives

Question 5

_____ believed that children’s sense of identity rests on a three-step relationship with their mother.

Answer 5

Margaret Mahler

Question 6

_____ theorized that children develop a sense of self during early infancy when parents and others treat them as if they had an individualized sense of identity.

Answer 6

Heinz Kohut

Question 7

_____ investigated infants’ attachment to their mother as well as the negative consequences of being separated from their mother

Answer 7

John Bowlby

Question 8

_____ and her colleagues developed a technique for measuring the type of attachment style an infant develops toward its caregiver.

Answer 8

Mary Ainsworth

Question 9

One of Klein’s basic assumptions is that the infant, even at birth, possesses an active phantasy life. These phantasies are psychic representations of ___ instincts.

Answer 9

unconscious id

Question 10

Klein chose the term _____ rather than “stage of development” to indicate that positions alternate back and forth; they are not periods of time or phases of development through which a person passes.

Answer 10

“position”

Question 11

A way of organizing experiences that includes both paranoid feelings of being persecuted and a splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad.

In order to tolerate both these feelings toward the same object at the same time, the ego splits itself, retaining parts of its life and death instincts while deflecting parts of both instincts onto the breast.

Answer 11

Paranoid-Schizoid Position

Question 12

According to Klein, infants develop the paranoid-schizoid position during the first _____ months of life,

Answer 12

3 or 4

Question 13

Beginning at about the 5th or 6th month, an infant begins to view external objects as whole and to see that good and bad can exist in the same person

Answer 13

Depressive Position

Question 14

The feelings of anxiety over losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object constitute what Klein called the _____.

Children in the _____ recognize that the loved object and the hated object are now one and the same.

Answer 14

Depressive position

Question 15

The depressive position is _____ when children fantasize that they have made reparation for their previous transgressions and when they recognize that their mother will not go away permanently but will return after each departure.

Answer 15

resolved

Question 16

Her analysis of young children led her to believe that the early superego produces not guilt but _____

Answer 16

terror

Question 17

Contrary to Freud’s view, Klein could find no evidence that the little girl blames her mother for bringing her into the world without a _____

Answer 17

penis

Question 17

Mahler was primarily concerned with the _____ of the individual that takes place during the first 3 years of life, a time when a child gradually surrenders security for autonomy.

Answer 17

psychological birth

Question 18

By psychological birth, _____meant that the child becomes an individual separate from his or her primary caregiver, an accomplishment that leads ultimately to a sense of identity.

Answer 18

Mahler

Question 19

To achieve psychological birth and individuation, a child proceeds through a series of three major developmental stages and four substages.

Answer 19

Mahler

Question 20

Normal Autism - unhatched bird egg
Normal Symbiosis - shell is now beginning to crack
Separation-Individuation

Answer 20

Mahler’s three major developmental stages:

Question 21

Mahler’s separation-individuation stage into four overlapping substages.

Answer 21

Differentiation
Practicing
Rapprochement
Libidinal Object Constancy

Question 22

During this time, children must develop a constant inner representation of their mother so that they can tolerate being physically separate from her

Answer 22

. Libidinal Object Constancy

Question 23

_____ emphasized the process by which the self evolves

from a vague and undifferentiated image to a clear and precise sense of individual identity.

Answer 23

Heinz Kohut

Question 24

Kohut believed that _____, not innate instinctual drives, are at the core of human personality.

Answer 24

human relatedness

Question 25

Kohut defined the _____ as “the center of the individual’s psychological universe”.

Answer 25

self

Question 26

Kohut defined the _____ as “the center of the individual’s psychological universe”.

Answer 26

self

Question 27

Kohut believed that infants are naturally ______.

Answer 27

narcissistic

Question 28

The need to exhibit the grandiose self - grandiose exhibitionistic self. “If others see me as perfect, then I am perfect.”

The need to acquire an idealized image of one or both parents - idealized parent image. “You are perfect, but I am part of you.”

Answer 28

Kohut: The early self becomes crystallized around two basic narcissistic needs:

Question 29

Both narcissistic self-images are necessary for healthy personality development.

Answer 29

Kohut

Question 30

John Bowlby’s _____ Theory

Answer 30

Attachment

Question 31

In the 1950s, _____ became dissatisfied with the object relations perspective, primarily for its inadequate theory of motivation and its lack of empiricism.

Answer 31

Bowlby

Question 32

Protest Stage - caregiver is first out of sight, infants will cry

Despair - as separation continues, infants become quiet, sad, passive, listless, and apathetic.

Detachment - The last stage—the only one unique to humans—is detachment. During this stage, infants become emotionally detached from other people, including their caregiver.

Answer 32

Bowlby observed three stages of this separation anxiety:

Question 33

Bowlby’s theory rests on two fundamental assumptions:

Answer 33

Responsive and accessible caregiver

Bonding relationship

Question 34

Mary Ainsworth and the _____ Situation

Answer 34

Strange

Question 35

Influenced by Bowlby’s theory, Ainsworth and her associates developed a technique for measuring the type of attachment style that exists between caregiver and infant, known as the _____.

Answer 35

Strange Situation

Question 36

Secure attachment - when their mother returns, infants are happy and enthusiastic and initiate contact

Anxious-resistant attachment style, infants are ambivalent. Pabebe

Anxious-avoidant - infants stay calm when their mother leaves; they accept the stranger, and when their mother returns, they ignore and avoid her.

Answer 36

Ainsworth and her associates found three attachment style ratings:

Question 37

Klein substituted _____ for Freudian dream analysis and free association, believing that young children express their conscious and unconscious wishes through _____.

Answer 37

play therapy

Question 38

In addition to expressing negative transference feelings as means of play, Klein’s young patients often _____, which gave her an opportunity to interpret the unconscious motives behind these attacks

Answer 38

attacked her verbally

Question 39

Object relations has been used to explain the formation of _____ disorders.

Answer 39

eating

Question 40

Smolak and Levine found that bulimia was associated with _____ from parents.

Answer 40

overseparation (detachment)

Question 41

Anorexia was associated with high levels of _____ over separation from parents.

Answer 41

guilt and conflict

Question 42

With regard to measures of _____ disorder, men scored lower than women on all three measures of disordered _____.

Answer 42

eating

Question 43

In 1986, Morris Bell and colleagues published the _____ (BORI), a self-report questionnaire that identifies four main aspects of object relations: Alienation, Attachment, Egocentricity, and Social Incompetence.

Answer 43

Bell Object Relations Inventory