Chapter 10: Person-Centered Theory (Rogers)

Question 1

He wanted to be a farmer, a scientific farmer who cared about plants and animals and how they grewand developed.

Answer 1

Carl Rogers

Question 2

Unlike Freud, who was primarily a theorist and secondarily a therapist, Rogers was a consummate therapist but only a reluctant theorist. He was more concerned with _____ than with discovering why they behaved as they did.

Answer 2

helping people

Question 3

Even though he formulated a rigorous, internally consistent theory of personality, Rogers did not feel comfortable with the notion of _____.

Answer 3

theory

Question 4

Rogers had intended to become a farmer, and after he graduated from high school, he entered the University of Wisconsin as an agriculture major. However, he soon became less interested in farming and more devoted to _____.

Answer 4

religion

Question 5

He was the first president of the American Association for _____ and helped bring that organization and the American Psychological Association (APA) back together.

Answer 5

Applied Psychology

Question 6

During the early years, his approach was known as _____ an unfortunate term that remained associated with his name for far too long. Later, his approach was variously termed “client-centered,” “person-centered,” “student-centered,” “group-centered,” and “person to person.”

Answer 6

“nondirective,”

Question 7

If the therapist is congruent and communicates _____ and accurate empathy to the client, then therapeutic change will occur; if therapeutic change occurs, then the client will experience more self-acceptance, greater trust of self, and so on.

Answer 7

unconditional positive regard

Question 8

Formative Tendency
Actualizing Tendency
The Self and Self-Actualization
The Self-Concept
The Ideal Self
Awareness
Levels of Awareness
Denial of Positive Experiences
Becoming a Person

Answer 8

9 Rogers Basic Assumptions

Question 9

Rogers believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.

Answer 9

Formative Tendency

Question 10

This tendency is the only motive people possess. Tendencies to maintain and to enhance the organism are subsumed within the actualizing tendency.

Answer 10

Actualizing Tendency

Question 11

The actualization tendency refers to organismic experiences of the individual; that is, it refers to the whole person—conscious and unconscious, physiological and cognitive.

On the other hand, self-actualization is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness.

Answer 11

The Self and Self-Actualization

Question 12

The self-concept includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Answer 12

The Self-Concept

Question 13

The second subsystem of the self is the _____, defined as one’s view of self as one wishes to be.

Answer 13

Ideal Self

Question 14

“The symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience”.

Without _____ the self-concept and the ideal self would not exist.

Answer 14

Awareness

Question 15

1. Ignored or denied.
2. Accurately symbolized
3. Perceived in a distorted form

Answer 15

Rogers recognized three levels of awareness.

Question 16

Level of Awareness: An _____ can be illustrated by a woman walking down a busy street, an activity that presents many potential stimuli, particularly of sight and sound. Because she cannot attend to all of them, many remain ignored.

Answer 16

Ignored experience

Question 17

Levels of Awareness: For example, if a pianist who has full confidence in his piano-playing ability is told by a friend that his playing is excellent, he may hear these words, _____ them, and freely admit them to his self-concept.

Answer 17

Accurately symbolized

Question 18

Levels of Awareness: If the gifted pianist were to be told by a distrusted competitor that his playing was excellent, he might react very differently than he did when he heard the same words from a trusted friend.

Answer 18

Perceived in a distorted form

Question 19

They may be distorted because the person distrusts the giver, or they may be denied because the recipient does not feel deserving of them; in all cases, a compliment from another also implies the right of that person to criticize or condemn, and thus the compliment carries an implied threat.

Answer 19

Denial of Positive Experiences

Question 20

First, an individual must make contact—positive or negative—with another person. This contact is the minimum experience necessary for becoming a person.

Answer 20

Becoming a Person

Question 21

The person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person, a need that Rogers referred to as _____.

Answer 21

positive regard

Question 22

Positive regard is a prerequisite for _____, defined as the experience of prizing or valuing one’s self.

Answer 22

positive self-regard

Question 23

1. Conditions of Worth
2. Incongruence
3. Defensiveness
4. Disorganization

Answer 23

4 Barriers to Psychological Health

Question 24

Barriers to Psychological Health: Instead of receiving unconditional positive regard, most people receive conditions of worth; that is, they perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval.

Answer 24

Conditions of Worth

Question 25

Our perceptions of other people’s view of us are called _____. These evaluations, whether positive or negative, do not foster psychological health but, rather, prevent us from being completely open to our own experiences.

Answer 25

external evaluations

Question 26

Psychological disequilibrium begins when we fail to recognize our organismic experiences as self-experiences: that is, when we do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness because they appear to be inconsistent with our emerging self-concept.

Answer 26

Incongruence

Question 27

This incongruence between our self-concept and our organismic experience is the source of _____.

Answer 27

psychological disorders

Question 28

The greater the incongruence between our perceived self (self-concept) and our organismic experience, the more _____ as we are.

Answer 28

Vulnerability

Question 29

Whereas vulnerability exists when we have no awareness of the incongruence within our self, _____ are experienced as we gain awareness of such an incongruence.

Answer 29

anxiety, and threat

Question 30

_____ and threat can represent steps toward psychological health because they signal to us that our organismic experience is inconsistent with our self-concept.

Answer 30

Anxiety

Question 31

In order to prevent this inconsistency between our organismic experience and our perceived self, we react in a _____ manner.

Answer 31

Defensiveness

Question 32

_____ is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.

Answer 32

Defensiveness

Question 33

Distortion and Denial.

Answer 33

The two chief defenses.

Question 34

Distortion and Denial.

Answer 34

The two chief defenses.

Question 35

Most people engage in defensive behavior, but sometimes defenses fail and behavior becomes disorganized or psychotic.

In a state of _____, people sometimes behave consistently with their organismic experience and sometimes in accordance with their shattered self-concept.

Answer 35

disorganization

Question 36

Conditions
Counselor Congruence
Unconditional Positive Regard
Empathic Listening
Process
Stages of Therapeutic Change
Outcomes
The Person of Tomorrow
The Chicago Studies

Answer 36

Psychotherapy of Carl Rogers

Question 37

The _____ approach holds that in order for vulnerable or anxious people to grow psychologically, they must come into contact with a therapist who is congruent and whom they perceive as providing an atmosphere of unconditional acceptance and accurate empathy.

Answer 37

client-centered

Question 38

1. An anxious or vulnerable client must come into contact with a congruent therapist who also possesses empathy and unconditional positive regard for that client.
2. The client must perceive these characteristics in the therapist
3. The contact between client and therapist must be of some duration.

Answer 38

Conditions for therapeutic growth to take place

Question 39

A _____ counselor, then, is not simply a kind and friendly person but rather a complete human being with feelings of joy, anger, frustration, confusion,

Answer 39

congruent

Question 40

Rogers stated that _____ will be more effective if they communicate genuine feelings, even when those feelings are negative or threatening.

Answer 40

therapists

Question 41

_____ is a deleterious attitude that threatens a positive self-concept and creates disequilibrium within the self-structure.

Answer 41

Self-pity

Question 42

If the conditions of therapist congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy are present, then the _____ of therapeutic change will be set in motion

Answer 42

process

Question 43

Stage 1: Unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself. They do not recognize any problems and refuse to own any personal feelings or emotions.

Stage 2: Clients become slightly less rigid. They discuss external events and other people, but they still disown or fail to recognize their own feelings.

Stage 3: They freely talk about self, although still as an object. “I’m doing the best I can at work, but my boss still doesn’t like me.”

Stage 4: Talk of deep feelings but not ones presently felt. “I was really burned up when my teacher accused me of cheating.”

Stage 5: Begun to undergo significant change and growth. They can express feelings in the present, although they have not yet accurately symbolized those feelings.

Stage 6: Experience dramatic growth and an irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing. They freely allow into awareness those experiences that they had previously denied or distorted.

Stage 7: Occur outside the therapeutic encounter. They become fully functioning “persons of tomorrow”.

Answer 43

7 Stages of Therapeutic Change

Question 44

Congruent client who is less defensive, more open to experience, clearer picture of themselves, more realistic, accurate view of potentials, less physiological and psychological tension, less vulnerable, less anxiety, more accepting of others, fewer demands, and allow others to be themselves.

Answer 44

Outcomes

Question 45

If the three necessary and sufficient therapeutic conditions of congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathy are optimal, then what kind of person would emerge?

Answer 45

The Person of Tomorrow

Question 46

_____ Studies demonstrated that people receiving client-centered therapy generally showed some growth or improvement.

Answer 46

The Chicago

Question 47

_____ therapy is effective, but it does not result in the fully functioning person.

Answer 47

Client-centered

Question 48

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Motivation and Pursuing One’s Goals

Answer 48

Related Research

Question 49

The _____ states that individuals compare their “actual” self to internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self”.

Answer 49

self-discrepancy theory

Question 50

Intrinsically motivated activities generally make people happier and more fulfilled. Intrinsic motivation and fulfillment are connected because intrinsically motivated activities represent the ideal self.

If you engage in experiences that are part of your ideal self, you will be led to pursuits that are more engaging, enriching, interesting, and rewarding.

Answer 50

Motivation and Pursuing One’s Goals