Chapter 16: Cognitive Social Learning Theory (Rotter) Flashcards
The cognitive social learning theories of Julian Rotter and Walter Mischel each rest on the assumption that _____ help shape how people will react to environmental forces.
cognitive factors
Both theorists object to Skinner’s explanation that behavior is shaped by immediate reinforcement and instead suggest that one’s _____ of future events are prime determinants of performance.
expectations
Mischel’s _____ theory has much in common with Bandura’s social cognitive theory and Rotter’s social learning theory
cognitive social
Julian B. Rotter, the author of the _____ scale.
locus of control
Five Basic Hypothesis of Social Learning Theory:
- Our reaction depends on how the env’t means for us
- Personality is learned, it can be changed
- Personality has unity, may stability. We learn thru exps and personality becomes more stable
- We are not motivated to reduce tension. We are motivated to achieve a goal.
- We can anticipate events.
- Humans interact with their meaningful environments.
- Human personality is learned.
- Personality has a basic unity.
- Motivation is goal-directed.
- People are capable of anticipating events.
Social learning theory rests on five basic hypotheses
Predicting Specific Behaviors: 4 variables of Prediction Formula.
- Behavior potential - refers to the likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a particular situation;
- Expectancy - is a person’s expectation of being reinforced;
- Reinforcement value - is the person’s preference for a particular reinforcement;
- Psychological situation - refers to a complex pattern of cues that a person perceives during a specific time period.
- Behavior potential - refers to the likelihood that a given behavior will occur in a particular situation;
- Expectancy - is a person’s expectation of being reinforced;
- Reinforcement value - is the person’s preference for a particular reinforcement;
- Psychological situation - refers to a complex pattern of cues that a person perceives during a specific time period.
Predicting Specific Behaviors: 4 variables of Prediction Formula.
The ______ in any situation is a function of both expectancy and reinforcement value.
For example, in order to earn good grades a student can rely on any number of possible behaviors, such as studying, cheating, skipping class to avoid a bad grade, etc.
behavior potential
_____ refers to a person’s expectation that some specific reinforcement or set of reinforcements will occur in a given situation.
The probability is not determined by the individual’s history of reinforcements, as Skinner contended, but is subjectively held by the person.
Expectancy (E)
- Generalized expectancies (GEs) - nagaral ng mabuti maganda grades, expected may reward in the future
- Specific expectancies (E prime) - same sa generalized pero pag ginawa niya sa specific, di same ang reward
- Total expectancy
Expectancy
Another variable in the prediction formula is _____, which is the preference a person attaches to any reinforcement when the probabilities for the occurrence of a number of different reinforcements are all equal.
reinforcement value (RV)
What determines the reinforcement value for any event, condition, or action? (3)
- individual’s perception
- one’s needs - mas food seeking ung tomguts kesa sa di gaanong tomguts
- expected consequences for future reinforcements
The fourth variable in the prediction formula is the _____, defined as that part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding.
It is not synonymous with external stimuli, although physical events are usually important to the psychological situation.
Psychological situation (s)
The _____ is “a complex set of interacting cues acting upon an individual for any specific time period”. People do not behave in a vacuum; instead, they respond to cues within their perceived environment.
psychological situation
Generalized Expectancies
Needs
Predicting General Behaviors
Predicting General Behaviors: People’s expectations based from similar past experiences wherein a given behavior will be reinforced. It includes people’s needs, that is, behaviors that allow them to move toward a goal.
Generalized Expectancies
Predicting General Behaviors: is any behavior or set of behaviors that people see as moving them in the direction of a goal.
Needs
Recognition-Status Dominance Independence Protection-Dependency Love and Affection Physical Comfort
Categories of Needs
Categories of Needs: The need to control the behavior of others is called _____.
dominance
Categories of Needs: _____ is the need to be free of the domination of others.
Independence
Categories of Needs: A set of needs nearly opposite independence are those of _____.
Protection-Dependency
Categories of Needs: Most people have strong needs for _____: that is, needs for acceptance by others that go beyond recognition and status to include some indications that other people have warm, positive feelings for them.
love and affection
Categories of Needs: _____ is perhaps the most basic need because other needs are learned in relation to it
Physical comfort
Need Potential
Freedom of Movement
Need Value
3 Need Components
Need Components: _____ refers to the possible occurrence of a set of functionally related behaviors directed toward satisfying the same or similar goals.
Need potential (NP)
Need Components: Need potential is analogous to the more specific concept of _____. The difference between the two is that need potential refers to a group of functionally related behaviors, whereas _____ is the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a given situation in relation to a specific reinforcement.
behavior potential
_____ cannot be measured solely through observation of behavior.
Need potential
Need Components: In the general prediction formula, _____ is analogous to expectancy. It is one’s overall expectation of being reinforced for performing those behaviors that are directed toward satisfying some general need.
freedom of movement (FM)
Need Components: A person’s _____ is the degree to which she or he prefers one set of reinforcements to another. “mean preference value of a set of functionally related reinforcements”. In the general prediction formula, _____ is the analog of reinforcement value.
need value (NV)
NP=f(FM+NV)
This equation means that need potential (NP) is a function of freedom of movement (FM) and need value (NV).
General Prediction Formula
_____ general prediction formula allows for people’s history of using similar experiences to anticipate present reinforcement. That is, they have a generalized expectancy for success.
Rotter’s
Rotter’s two most popular scales for measuring generalized expectancies are the _____ and the _____.
Internal-External Control Scale, Interpersonal Trust Scale.
_____, basing it on the doctoral dissertations of two of his students, E. Jerry Phares and William H. James.
Internal-External Control Scale
People who score high on _____ control generally believe that the source of control resides within themselves and that they exercise a high level of personal control in most situations.
internal
People who score high on _____ control generally believe that their life is largely controlled by forces outside themselves, such as chance, destiny, or the behavior of other people
external
Rotter defined _____ as “a generalized expectancy held by an individual that the word, promise, oral or written statement of another individual or group can be relied on”.
interpersonal trust
_____ in Rotter’s social learning theory is any persistent behavior that fails to move a person closer to a desired goal.
Maladaptive behavior
Setting goals too _____ is only one of several possible contributors to maladaptive behavior.
high
In general, the goal of Rotter’s therapy is to bring freedom of movement and need value into harmony, thus reducing defensive and avoidance behaviors.
Psychotherapy
Changing Goals
Eliminating Low Expectancies
Psychotherapy
The role of the therapist is to help these patients understand the faulty nature of their goals and to teach them constructive means of striving toward realistic goals.
Changing Goals
Psychotherapy: Rotter and Hochreich listed three sources of problems that follow from inappropriate goals.
- Multiple goals
- Self-destructive goals
- Goals too high and frustrated when not met
Psychotherapy: In addition to changing goals, the therapist tries to _____ of success and its analog, low freedom of movement.
Eliminating Low Expectancies
