Chapter 9: Group Processes Flashcards
Why join a group?
innate need; survival advantages to being in a group
What are the 3 key feature of groups?
social norms, social roles, cohesiveness
What are social roles?
shared expectations about how particular people should behave
What is cohesiveness?
qualities of a group that bind together, promote liking between members.
What is social facilitation?
a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks, impairs performance on difficult tasks.
What is mere presence?
the presence of others is arousing and is responsible for the effects of social facilitation
What is evaluation apprehension theory?
it is the fear of being evaluated by others that is responsible for social facilitation effects
What is distraction conflict-theory?
other people are distracting leads to attentional conflict
What is social loafing?
a group produced reduction to individuals output in easy tasks and increase on complex tasks.
What is deindividuation?
the loosening of constraints on behavior when people are in a crowd.
What are the 3 factors in deindividuation?
arousal, anonymity, and reduced feelings of personal responsibilities.
What are the two environmental cues that increase this behavior?
accountability, attentional
What is the accountability cue?
whether one can be held accountable
What is the attentional cue?
environmental factors that focus a persons attention away from the self
What is group polarization?
the exaggeration of initial tendencies in like-minded group members through group discussion.
What are the two reasons for group performance?
persuasive arguments theory, social comparison theory
What is the persuasive argument theory?
a discussion with like-minded others will support our initial views that then intensify these views
What is groupthink?
when smart people collectively make dumb decisions
What is group cohesiveness?
the more cohesive the group the less tolerant of deviant opinions
What is group structure?
things like homogenous membership, isolation, and having a strong leader
What are social dilemmas?
any situation in which maximum personal gain is in direct conflict with group welfare
What is the prisoners dilemma?
d.a may not have enough evidence to convict you, but can convict you both on lesser crimes
What is the public good`s dilemmas?
contributions to a common resource; you want to receive the public good without paying for it
What is the resource dilemma?
withdrawals from a common resource; you want to consume as much as you`d like but if everyone acts in this manner the resource will run dry
What are the ways to resolve social dilemmas?
through social value orientation, communication, group identity
What is social value orientation?
cooperative vs.individualist
What is group identity?
sharing a social identity or superordinate goals
What are the structural solutions?
changing the pay off of the dilemma so that cooperation is the more attractive behavioral option.
