Chapter 9: Forest Management Flashcards
This is the art and science of managing forests for desired goods and services
Forest management
These are important to know for effective forest management
Management goals
What are eight goals of forest management?
Wood products; Wildlife/fish; Range; Non-timber forest products; Recreation/aesthetics; Water; Wilderness; Genetic resources
Where is range a particularly important forest management goal?
Western U.S.
What are five examples of NTFP?
Nuts, mushrooms, ginseng, firewood, fur
These are tangible products that are important conservation tools in forest management
Non-timber forest products
Forests are archives of these
Genes
What are six aspects of forest management that must be integrated?
Scientific, technical, administrative, economic, legal, social
What are three types of forest landowners?
Industrial; Private non-industry; Public
What are three goals of industrial forest landowners?
Return on investment; Sustained yield; Predictable timber flows
What are five goals of private non-industrial forest landowners?
Income, recreation, wildlife, aesthetics, legacy
What are seven goals of public forest landowners?
Biodiversity; endangered species; recreation; aesthetics, water; wilderness; timber
What are four points of a forest management plan?
Identify objectives; Inventory existing forest resources/conditions; Outline treatments/timetables; Evaluate and reassess plan
Management must contend with these to achieve goals
Constraints
This is the rate that a resource is replenished
Resource renewability
What is an example of a forest resource that is renewed rapidly?
Cottonwood fiber
What is an example of a forest resource that is renewed slowly?
Red-cockaded woodpeckers
What is an example of a forest resource that is essentially non-renewable?
Old-growth redwoods
What are three ways forest uses can interact?
Neutral, compatible, incompatible
What are three ways to resolve multiple-use incompatibility?
Apply different goals to different areas; Apply different goals at different times; Modify management methods
This forest use has historically dominated
Timber
Timber management can enhance these
Non-timber resources
Demand for recreation has increased since this event
World War II
Forest watersheds are important sources of this
Clean water
Timber management affects these two aspects of watersheds
Water yield and quality
Management seeks to reduce this from forest operations
Erosion
What are two ways to reduce erosion in forest operations?
Proper road engineering and buffer strips along streams
What type of species does most timber management favor?
Early successional specials
U.S. national forests have to adhere to this
Multiple-use mandate
What are two reasons why multiple-use mandates were implemented in U.S. forests?
Concern for environment and declining resources
This act was passed in 1960
Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act
What year was the Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act passed?
1960
This initiative runs a forest certification program and members that make sustainability agreements
Sustainable Forestry Initiative
What are two things Sustainable Forestry Initiative members agree to?
Use sustainable practices and protect special sites
What do Sustainable Forestry Initiative detractors claim?
Greenwashing
What are the three categories of forest?
Timberland, reserved forestland, and other forest lands
How much industrial wood can timberland produce per acre per year?
Over 20 cubic feet
Is timberland allocated to non-timber use?
No
How many acres of U.S. forest are timberland?
504 million
What two regions have most of the United States’ timberland?
North and south regions
This forest category is productive enough to be timberland
Reserved forestland
Is reserved forestland allocated to non-timber uses?
Yes
What are three types of reserved forestland?
National parks, wilderness, refuges
How many acres of reserved forestland are in the U.S.?
52 million
What two regions have most of the United States’ reserved forestland?
West and Alaska
This category of forest is unproductive and unsuitable for timber
Other forest lands
What are three uses of other forest lands?
Recreation, wildlife, water
How many acres of other forest lands are in the U.S.?
190 million
Where is most of the United States’ other forest lands?
West region
This U.S. region has the most total forest (other and reserved).
West
This U.S. region has the most timberland
South
What category of forest make up most of the forestland in the South and North?
Timberland
What are two levels of productivity of timberlands?
High and medium productivity
How many cubic feet of wood can high productivity timberlands produce per acre per year?
> 85
What percentage of all timberlands are high productivity?
24%
What proportion of all timberlands are in the South?
Half
How many cubic feet of wood can medium productivity timberlands produce per acre per year?
20-85
What percentage of all timberlands are medium productivity?
43%
Where in the U.S. are most medium productivity timberlands?
West
How many cubic feet of wood were removed from timberlands in 1997?
905 billion
This type of tree makes up 58% of growing stock
Coniferous softwood
Where in the U.S. are most coniferous softwood timberlands?
Western public lands
This type of tree makes up 42% of growing stock
Hardwoods
What two areas of the the U.S. have most hardwood timberlands?
North and South
In what type of forest are most hardwood timberlands?
Non-industrial private forest
Growing stock has risen sharply since this year
1950
This type of tree has risen 90% in volume since 1950
Hardwoods
By how much have hardwood trees over 19” diameter increased?
Double
This type of tree has risen 35% in volume since 1950
Coniferous softwood
By how much have coniferous softwood trees over 19” diameter decreased?
6%
This region’s forest growth has increased by 100% since 1950
North
This region’s forest growth has increased by 76% since 1950
South
This region’s forest growth has increased by 27% since 1950
Rocky Mountains
This region’s forest growth has increased by 2% since 1950
Pacific Northwest
The greatest volume of forest growing stock per hectare is in this region
West
In what region is forest growing stock volume spread among diameter classes?
West
In what region is forest growing stock volume concentrated in smaller diameter classes?
East
This type of forest has had 34% more growth than harvest since 1950
Softwood
This type of forest has had 70% more growth than harvest since 1950
Hardwood
Logging is down significantly in this region
West
64% of all removals are in this region
South
For how long have softwood removals exceeded growth?
Over 30 years
Harvesting on public lands has declined since this decade
1980s
Harvesting in private land has increased since this decade
1960s
What percentage of U.S. forests are public-owned?
30%
What percentage of U.S. forests are private-owned?
70%
Reserved forest land is up significantly in this region
West
This is the major federal forest management agency
USDA Forest Service
This was established in 1876 to protect timber resources
National Forest System
This was formed in 1905 to manage forests
U.S. Forest Service
Of what agency is the U.S. Forest Service a branch?
USDA
How many National Forests are there currently?
155
Since the 1960s, what have National Forests been managed for?
Multi-use
Since the 1960s, this has diminished as a primary goal for National Forest management
Timber
This act requires multiple use plans for all National Forests
National Forest Management Act
What year was the National Forest Management Act passed?
1976
This is the largest forest research organization in the world
USDA Forest Service
This agency established national parks to protect enormous and beautiful features
National Park Service
This was the first national park
Yellowstone
When was Yellowstone established as a national park?
1872
These three national parks were established in 1890
Yosemite, Sequoia, Mt Rainier
What year was the National Park Service established?
1916
Of what department is the National Park Service a branch?
Department of Interior
How many units are there currently in the National Park Service?
391
What are national parks managed for?
Preservation
What are national parks not managed for?
Forest products
What government entity establishes National Parks?
Congress
POTUS can establish these without Congress
National Monuments
This is the largest federal land steward
Bureau of Land Management
How many acres of land are managed by BLM?
264 million
All BLM lands are in this region
West
What are five uses of BLM-managed lands and forests?
Grazing, mining, timber, wildlife, recreation
This originated in 1871 to protect fish
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service
The USFWS is now part of this department
Department of Interior
The USFWS manages this system
National Wildlife Refuge System
In what year did the National Wildlife Refuge System start?
1903
How many refugia are there currently in the National Wildlife Refuge System?
584
What are two management goals of National Wildlife Refuge System lands?
Protect biodiversity and critical habitat (especially for endangered species)
For National Wildlife Refuge System lands, habitat management includes this
Timber cutting
This entity stewards lands and waters associated with water projects
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the largest provider of this
Water recreation
How many recreation sites does the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers support?
Over 4300
What two goals does the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers integrate?
Resource management and public recreation
What are forested Corps lands managed for?
Multiple use
What are three examples of forest lands owned by states?
State forests, state refuges, state parks
State forest lands are managed by a variety of these
State agencies
How many state forests are in the U.S.?
Over 600
What are state forests managed for?
Multiple use
Many state forests are used for this purpose
Research
These state forest lands are managed to protect species and habitat
State refuges
State refuges may employ this
Timber cutting
Most U.S. forests are under this type of ownership
Private ownership
What are four types of private forest ownership?
Forest industry; Non-industrial corporate holdings; Non-industrial private lands; Conservation groups
This type of private forest ownership usually involves companies that operate wood mills
Forest industry
What are three types of products produced by wood mills?
Lumber, paper, oriented strand board
What are three companies that operate wood mills in forest lands?
IP, Weyerhaeuser, Georgia Pacific
What are industrial forests managed for?
Economic return
Industrial forests use this type of management
Intensive management
What are five examples of intensive management practices in forest industry?
Plantation; Tree improvement; Thinning; Controlled fire; Chemicals
Industrial forest managers are increasingly aware of these
Non-timber opportunities
These can be lucrative in industrial forests
Hunting leases
These are forests owned by corporations without wood plants
Non-industrial corporate holdings
What are two examples of companies that would have non-industrial corporate holdings?
Life insurance and real estate companies
Some industries split these into two different divisions
Mills and land
What are non-industrial corporate forest holdings managed for?
Return on investment
There are currently 10 million owners of this type of forests
Non-industrial private forests
What are six examples of non-industrial private forest landowners?
Individuals; Estates; Trusts; Clubs; Tribes; Corporations
What percentage of commercial forests (forests that can produce timber on a sustained basis) are on non-industrial private lands?
60%
What percentage of commercial, non-industrial private forests are east of the Rockies?
90%
Most non-industrial private forests are less than this amount of acres
100 acres
Non-industrial private landowners have a wide variety of these, depending on quality of forest resources
Forest management objectives
Are most non-industrial private landowners knowledgeable of forest values and management?
No
How much of harvested timber is supplied by non-industrial private forests?
Half
Is demand for non-industrial private forest timber expected to rise?
Yes
In what region is demand for non-industrial forest timber expected to rise the most?
South
What are four government agencies that offer assistance to non-industrial private landowners?
USDA Extension Service; Natural Resource Conservation Service; USFS State + Private Forestry; OK Forest Stewardship Program
These relatively new private forest owners are organizations with missions of protecting nature
Conservation groups
What is the largest forest land-owning conservation group?
Nature Conservancy
In how many countries does the Nature Conservancy operate?
30
What type of areas does the Nature Conservancy acquire?
Areas of high significance
Does the Nature Conservancy manage all their lands or manage some and sell others to the best conservator?
Manage some and sell others to the best conservator
Modern forest management is becoming more this
Collaborative
What are four ways that different landowners can share knowledge, money and manpower?
Cooperative forestry programs; Forest protection programs; Research and development programs; Advocacy groups
