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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 9: Forest Management > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Forest Management Flashcards

1
Q

This is the art and science of managing forests for desired goods and services

A

Forest management

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2
Q

These are important to know for effective forest management

A

Management goals

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3
Q

What are eight goals of forest management?

A

Wood products; Wildlife/fish; Range; Non-timber forest products; Recreation/aesthetics; Water; Wilderness; Genetic resources

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4
Q

Where is range a particularly important forest management goal?

A

Western U.S.

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5
Q

What are five examples of NTFP?

A

Nuts, mushrooms, ginseng, firewood, fur

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6
Q

These are tangible products that are important conservation tools in forest management

A

Non-timber forest products

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7
Q

Forests are archives of these

A

Genes

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8
Q

What are six aspects of forest management that must be integrated?

A

Scientific, technical, administrative, economic, legal, social

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9
Q

What are three types of forest landowners?

A

Industrial; Private non-industry; Public

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10
Q

What are three goals of industrial forest landowners?

A

Return on investment; Sustained yield; Predictable timber flows

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11
Q

What are five goals of private non-industrial forest landowners?

A

Income, recreation, wildlife, aesthetics, legacy

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12
Q

What are seven goals of public forest landowners?

A

Biodiversity; endangered species; recreation; aesthetics, water; wilderness; timber

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13
Q

What are four points of a forest management plan?

A

Identify objectives; Inventory existing forest resources/conditions; Outline treatments/timetables; Evaluate and reassess plan

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14
Q

Management must contend with these to achieve goals

A

Constraints

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15
Q

This is the rate that a resource is replenished

A

Resource renewability

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16
Q

What is an example of a forest resource that is renewed rapidly?

A

Cottonwood fiber

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17
Q

What is an example of a forest resource that is renewed slowly?

A

Red-cockaded woodpeckers

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18
Q

What is an example of a forest resource that is essentially non-renewable?

A

Old-growth redwoods

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19
Q

What are three ways forest uses can interact?

A

Neutral, compatible, incompatible

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20
Q

What are three ways to resolve multiple-use incompatibility?

A

Apply different goals to different areas; Apply different goals at different times; Modify management methods

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21
Q

This forest use has historically dominated

A

Timber

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22
Q

Timber management can enhance these

A

Non-timber resources

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23
Q

Demand for recreation has increased since this event

A

World War II

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24
Q

Forest watersheds are important sources of this

A

Clean water

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25
Q

Timber management affects these two aspects of watersheds

A

Water yield and quality

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26
Q

Management seeks to reduce this from forest operations

A

Erosion

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27
Q

What are two ways to reduce erosion in forest operations?

A

Proper road engineering and buffer strips along streams

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28
Q

What type of species does most timber management favor?

A

Early successional specials

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29
Q

U.S. national forests have to adhere to this

A

Multiple-use mandate

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30
Q

What are two reasons why multiple-use mandates were implemented in U.S. forests?

A

Concern for environment and declining resources

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31
Q

This act was passed in 1960

A

Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act

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32
Q

What year was the Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act passed?

A

1960

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33
Q

This initiative runs a forest certification program and members that make sustainability agreements

A

Sustainable Forestry Initiative

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34
Q

What are two things Sustainable Forestry Initiative members agree to?

A

Use sustainable practices and protect special sites

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35
Q

What do Sustainable Forestry Initiative detractors claim?

A

Greenwashing

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36
Q

What are the three categories of forest?

A

Timberland, reserved forestland, and other forest lands

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37
Q

How much industrial wood can timberland produce per acre per year?

A

Over 20 cubic feet

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38
Q

Is timberland allocated to non-timber use?

A

No

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39
Q

How many acres of U.S. forest are timberland?

A

504 million

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40
Q

What two regions have most of the United States’ timberland?

A

North and south regions

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41
Q

This forest category is productive enough to be timberland

A

Reserved forestland

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42
Q

Is reserved forestland allocated to non-timber uses?

A

Yes

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43
Q

What are three types of reserved forestland?

A

National parks, wilderness, refuges

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44
Q

How many acres of reserved forestland are in the U.S.?

A

52 million

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45
Q

What two regions have most of the United States’ reserved forestland?

A

West and Alaska

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46
Q

This category of forest is unproductive and unsuitable for timber

A

Other forest lands

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47
Q

What are three uses of other forest lands?

A

Recreation, wildlife, water

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48
Q

How many acres of other forest lands are in the U.S.?

A

190 million

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49
Q

Where is most of the United States’ other forest lands?

A

West region

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50
Q

This U.S. region has the most total forest (other and reserved).

A

West

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51
Q

This U.S. region has the most timberland

A

South

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52
Q

What category of forest make up most of the forestland in the South and North?

A

Timberland

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53
Q

What are two levels of productivity of timberlands?

A

High and medium productivity

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54
Q

How many cubic feet of wood can high productivity timberlands produce per acre per year?

A

> 85

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55
Q

What percentage of all timberlands are high productivity?

A

24%

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56
Q

What proportion of all timberlands are in the South?

A

Half

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57
Q

How many cubic feet of wood can medium productivity timberlands produce per acre per year?

A

20-85

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58
Q

What percentage of all timberlands are medium productivity?

A

43%

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59
Q

Where in the U.S. are most medium productivity timberlands?

A

West

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60
Q

How many cubic feet of wood were removed from timberlands in 1997?

A

905 billion

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61
Q

This type of tree makes up 58% of growing stock

A

Coniferous softwood

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62
Q

Where in the U.S. are most coniferous softwood timberlands?

A

Western public lands

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63
Q

This type of tree makes up 42% of growing stock

A

Hardwoods

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64
Q

What two areas of the the U.S. have most hardwood timberlands?

A

North and South

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65
Q

In what type of forest are most hardwood timberlands?

A

Non-industrial private forest

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66
Q

Growing stock has risen sharply since this year

A

1950

67
Q

This type of tree has risen 90% in volume since 1950

A

Hardwoods

68
Q

By how much have hardwood trees over 19” diameter increased?

A

Double

69
Q

This type of tree has risen 35% in volume since 1950

A

Coniferous softwood

70
Q

By how much have coniferous softwood trees over 19” diameter decreased?

A

6%

71
Q

This region’s forest growth has increased by 100% since 1950

A

North

72
Q

This region’s forest growth has increased by 76% since 1950

A

South

73
Q

This region’s forest growth has increased by 27% since 1950

A

Rocky Mountains

74
Q

This region’s forest growth has increased by 2% since 1950

A

Pacific Northwest

75
Q

The greatest volume of forest growing stock per hectare is in this region

A

West

76
Q

In what region is forest growing stock volume spread among diameter classes?

A

West

77
Q

In what region is forest growing stock volume concentrated in smaller diameter classes?

A

East

78
Q

This type of forest has had 34% more growth than harvest since 1950

A

Softwood

79
Q

This type of forest has had 70% more growth than harvest since 1950

A

Hardwood

80
Q

Logging is down significantly in this region

A

West

81
Q

64% of all removals are in this region

A

South

82
Q

For how long have softwood removals exceeded growth?

A

Over 30 years

83
Q

Harvesting on public lands has declined since this decade

A

1980s

84
Q

Harvesting in private land has increased since this decade

A

1960s

85
Q

What percentage of U.S. forests are public-owned?

A

30%

86
Q

What percentage of U.S. forests are private-owned?

A

70%

87
Q

Reserved forest land is up significantly in this region

A

West

88
Q

This is the major federal forest management agency

A

USDA Forest Service

89
Q

This was established in 1876 to protect timber resources

A

National Forest System

90
Q

This was formed in 1905 to manage forests

A

U.S. Forest Service

91
Q

Of what agency is the U.S. Forest Service a branch?

A

USDA

92
Q

How many National Forests are there currently?

A

155

93
Q

Since the 1960s, what have National Forests been managed for?

A

Multi-use

94
Q

Since the 1960s, this has diminished as a primary goal for National Forest management

A

Timber

95
Q

This act requires multiple use plans for all National Forests

A

National Forest Management Act

96
Q

What year was the National Forest Management Act passed?

A

1976

97
Q

This is the largest forest research organization in the world

A

USDA Forest Service

98
Q

This agency established national parks to protect enormous and beautiful features

A

National Park Service

99
Q

This was the first national park

A

Yellowstone

100
Q

When was Yellowstone established as a national park?

A

1872

101
Q

These three national parks were established in 1890

A

Yosemite, Sequoia, Mt Rainier

102
Q

What year was the National Park Service established?

A

1916

103
Q

Of what department is the National Park Service a branch?

A

Department of Interior

104
Q

How many units are there currently in the National Park Service?

A

391

105
Q

What are national parks managed for?

A

Preservation

106
Q

What are national parks not managed for?

A

Forest products

107
Q

What government entity establishes National Parks?

A

Congress

108
Q

POTUS can establish these without Congress

A

National Monuments

109
Q

This is the largest federal land steward

A

Bureau of Land Management

110
Q

How many acres of land are managed by BLM?

A

264 million

111
Q

All BLM lands are in this region

A

West

112
Q

What are five uses of BLM-managed lands and forests?

A

Grazing, mining, timber, wildlife, recreation

113
Q

This originated in 1871 to protect fish

A

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service

114
Q

The USFWS is now part of this department

A

Department of Interior

115
Q

The USFWS manages this system

A

National Wildlife Refuge System

116
Q

In what year did the National Wildlife Refuge System start?

A

1903

117
Q

How many refugia are there currently in the National Wildlife Refuge System?

A

584

118
Q

What are two management goals of National Wildlife Refuge System lands?

A

Protect biodiversity and critical habitat (especially for endangered species)

119
Q

For National Wildlife Refuge System lands, habitat management includes this

A

Timber cutting

120
Q

This entity stewards lands and waters associated with water projects

A

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

121
Q

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the largest provider of this

A

Water recreation

122
Q

How many recreation sites does the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers support?

A

Over 4300

123
Q

What two goals does the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers integrate?

A

Resource management and public recreation

124
Q

What are forested Corps lands managed for?

A

Multiple use

125
Q

What are three examples of forest lands owned by states?

A

State forests, state refuges, state parks

126
Q

State forest lands are managed by a variety of these

A

State agencies

127
Q

How many state forests are in the U.S.?

A

Over 600

128
Q

What are state forests managed for?

A

Multiple use

129
Q

Many state forests are used for this purpose

A

Research

130
Q

These state forest lands are managed to protect species and habitat

A

State refuges

131
Q

State refuges may employ this

A

Timber cutting

132
Q

Most U.S. forests are under this type of ownership

A

Private ownership

133
Q

What are four types of private forest ownership?

A

Forest industry; Non-industrial corporate holdings; Non-industrial private lands; Conservation groups

134
Q

This type of private forest ownership usually involves companies that operate wood mills

A

Forest industry

135
Q

What are three types of products produced by wood mills?

A

Lumber, paper, oriented strand board

136
Q

What are three companies that operate wood mills in forest lands?

A

IP, Weyerhaeuser, Georgia Pacific

137
Q

What are industrial forests managed for?

A

Economic return

138
Q

Industrial forests use this type of management

A

Intensive management

139
Q

What are five examples of intensive management practices in forest industry?

A

Plantation; Tree improvement; Thinning; Controlled fire; Chemicals

140
Q

Industrial forest managers are increasingly aware of these

A

Non-timber opportunities

141
Q

These can be lucrative in industrial forests

A

Hunting leases

142
Q

These are forests owned by corporations without wood plants

A

Non-industrial corporate holdings

143
Q

What are two examples of companies that would have non-industrial corporate holdings?

A

Life insurance and real estate companies

144
Q

Some industries split these into two different divisions

A

Mills and land

145
Q

What are non-industrial corporate forest holdings managed for?

A

Return on investment

146
Q

There are currently 10 million owners of this type of forests

A

Non-industrial private forests

147
Q

What are six examples of non-industrial private forest landowners?

A

Individuals; Estates; Trusts; Clubs; Tribes; Corporations

148
Q

What percentage of commercial forests (forests that can produce timber on a sustained basis) are on non-industrial private lands?

A

60%

149
Q

What percentage of commercial, non-industrial private forests are east of the Rockies?

A

90%

150
Q

Most non-industrial private forests are less than this amount of acres

A

100 acres

151
Q

Non-industrial private landowners have a wide variety of these, depending on quality of forest resources

A

Forest management objectives

152
Q

Are most non-industrial private landowners knowledgeable of forest values and management?

A

No

153
Q

How much of harvested timber is supplied by non-industrial private forests?

A

Half

154
Q

Is demand for non-industrial private forest timber expected to rise?

A

Yes

155
Q

In what region is demand for non-industrial forest timber expected to rise the most?

A

South

156
Q

What are four government agencies that offer assistance to non-industrial private landowners?

A

USDA Extension Service; Natural Resource Conservation Service; USFS State + Private Forestry; OK Forest Stewardship Program

157
Q

These relatively new private forest owners are organizations with missions of protecting nature

A

Conservation groups

158
Q

What is the largest forest land-owning conservation group?

A

Nature Conservancy

159
Q

In how many countries does the Nature Conservancy operate?

A

30

160
Q

What type of areas does the Nature Conservancy acquire?

A

Areas of high significance

161
Q

Does the Nature Conservancy manage all their lands or manage some and sell others to the best conservator?

A

Manage some and sell others to the best conservator

162
Q

Modern forest management is becoming more this

A

Collaborative

163
Q

What are four ways that different landowners can share knowledge, money and manpower?

A

Cooperative forestry programs; Forest protection programs; Research and development programs; Advocacy groups

164
Q
A

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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