Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 16: Watershed Management > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Watershed Management Flashcards

1
Q

Forests are an important source of this resource

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Forest regulate this

A

Streamflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Forests are living filters that do this

A

Clean water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Forestry practices impact this

A

Water quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Good forest management addresses this

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Topography influences these two aspects of water

A

Movement and collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

This is the total area that drains through a point on a river or a stream

A

Watershed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Watershed boundaries are defined by these

A

Highest elevations around a lake or river segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do watersheds have implied spatial extent?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are watersheds hierarchical?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are two other names for watersheds?

A

Catchment and drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

These serve as natural units for land management

A

Watersheds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are four goals of watershed management?

A
  1. Preserving water supply; 2. Controlling rate of water flow; 3. Controlling erosion/flooding; 4. Maintaining water quality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the six types of forest hydrology?

A
  1. Interception; 2. Stemflow; 3. Canopy drip; 4. Throughfall; 5. Channel interception; 6. Evapotranspiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This type of forest hydrology involves the capture of precipitation by vegetation and litter

A

Interception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are two ways that water can go in canopy interception?

A

Evaporate to atmosphere or become stemflow/canopy drip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What determines what happens to water during interception?

A

Vegetation properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In this type of forest hydrology, water flows down branches and trunks

A

Stemflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In this type of forest hydrology, precipitation is redirected to the crown edge

A

Canopy drip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This type of forest hydrology is precipitation that reaches the forest floor

A

Throughfall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Throughfall is a combination of these two water sources

A

Canopy drip and direct precipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does throughfall depend on?

A

Vegetation properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In this type of forest hydrology, precipitation falls on stream surfaces

A

Channel interception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What determines channel interception?

A

Stream surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

In this type of forest hydrology, water loss is due to evaporation and transpiration

A

Evapotranspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

During what time of the year can evapotranspiration be substantial?

A

Growing season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

On what does evapotranspiration depend?

A

Vegetation properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

This process plays a large role in forest hydrology

A

Canopy interception

29
Q

This describes the amount of water a canopy can hold

A

Interception capacity

30
Q

Canopy interception rises rapidly during a storm until this happens

A

Interception capacity is reached

31
Q

What happens when interception capacity is reached on tree leaves?

A

Weight of precipitation exceeds the surface tension holding water on leaves

32
Q

Interception capacity is a function of these four factors

A
  1. Tree form; 2. Leaf area index; 3. Stem density; 4. Forest strata
33
Q

What percentage of rainfall do conifers intercept annually?

A

25-35%

34
Q

What percentage of rainfall do broadleaf trees intercept annually?

A

15-25%

35
Q

In canopy interception, this is the portion of intercepted precipitation that does not reach the soil

A

Interception loss

36
Q

What happens to most of interception loss?

A

It is evaporated

37
Q

What happens to some of interception loss?

A

It is absorbed by tree through bark

38
Q

Forests influence these two forest stream conditions

A

Streamflow and water quality

39
Q

This describes the flow of water in streams

A

Streamflow

40
Q

What are the two types of streamflow?

A

Baseflow and stormflow

41
Q

This type of streamflow is the contribution from ground water

A

Baseflow

42
Q

This type of streamflow is the the surge from storm precipitation and surface runoff

A

Stormflow

43
Q

What are three ways forests improve stream water quality?

A
  1. Reducing sedimentation; 2. Increasing nutrient retention; 3. Reducing surface runoff
44
Q

What are the two components of stormflow response?

A

Peak flow rate and lag time

45
Q

How do forests improve baseflow?

A

By enabling baseflow to continue during prolonged dry periods

46
Q

How do forests improve stormflow?

A

By reducing peak discharge and lengthening lag time

47
Q

Do forests reduce flood risk from stormflow?

A

Yes

48
Q

Does water yield decrease as a forest ages?

A

No

49
Q

Which forestry activity contributes the most to forest soil erosion?

A

Roads/skid trails

50
Q

What are five effects of silviculture on hydrology?

A
  1. Expose mineral soil; 2. Reduce plant transpiration; 3. Increase soil temperature; 4. Increase wind exposure/evaporation; 5. Increase erosion/sedimentation
51
Q

What are five effects of forest roads on forest hydrology?

A
  1. Expose mineral soil; 2. Create impermeable surface; 3. Increase surface runoff; 4. Channelize surface flows; 5. Increase erosion/stream sedimentation
52
Q

These parts of forest roads are especially bad for forest hydrology

A

Stream crossings

53
Q

Do tree harvest and roads have an equal effect on peak sediment loads?

A

Yes

54
Q

Do roads have a longer effect on sediment loads and soil erosion?

A

Yes

55
Q

This federal legislation governing water pollution was passed in 1972

A

Clean Water Act

56
Q

The original Clean Water Act only addressed this type of pollution

A

Point source pollution

57
Q

In what year did an amendment add nonpoint sources to the Clean Water Act?

A

1987

58
Q

These practices were identified as nonpoint sources and subject to regulation by the Clean Water Act 1987

A

Forestry practices

59
Q

What two things does the Clean Water Act require each state to do?

A
  1. Identify best management practices and 2. Implement and monitor BMPs
60
Q

What are the 8 categories for water quality and forest operations established by the EPA?

A
  1. Preharvest planning; 2. Streamside management zones; 3. Forest wetlands; 4. Road construction; 5. Timber harvesting; 6. Fire management; 7. Revegetation; 8. Forest chemical management
61
Q

What is the best management practice for preharvest planning?

A

To plan for harvesting, site prep, and roads

62
Q

What are three best management practices for streamside management zones?

A
  1. Maintain SMZs along surface waters; 2. SMZs protect water temperatures/quality; 3. SMZs should be sufficiently wide
63
Q

What are two best management practices for forest wetlands?

A
  1. Minimize activity surrounding wetlands; 2. Use low-impact practices
64
Q

What are four best management practices for road construction?

A
  1. Minimize sediment from construction; 2. Use drainage structures and turnouts; 3. Install proper stream crossings; 4. Construct during dry periods
65
Q

What are three best management practices for timber harvesting?

A
  1. Harvesting should be done in accordance with harvest plan; 2. Avoid steep terrain and use SMZs; 3. Harvest during dry periods if possible
66
Q

What are two best management practices for fire management?

A
  1. Reduce sediment from controlled burn; 2. Reduce nonpoint pollution during fire suppression
67
Q

What is a best management practice for revegetation?

A

Revegetate quickly to reduce erosion

68
Q

What is a best management practice for forest chemical management?

A

Minimize chemical use through appropriate management/application

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions