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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 10: Forest Surveying & Mapping > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Forest Surveying & Mapping Flashcards

1
Q

What are four uses of surveying and mapping techniques?

A
  1. Locating property/forest boundaries; 2. Locating key surface features; 3. Creating forest stand maps; 4. Forest inventory/sampling
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2
Q

What are three examples of key surface features found by surveying and mapping techniques?

A

Roads, streams, utility lines

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3
Q

What are two ways of surveying distance?

A
  1. Pacing; 2. Chaining
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4
Q

When is pacing used for surveying distance?

A

When high accuracy not needed

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5
Q

How many steps is a pace?

A

2

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6
Q

Pacing is this for each individual

A

Calibrated

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7
Q

How many feet is a chain?

A

66

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8
Q

This surveying method is used for higher accuracy

A

Chaining

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9
Q

Chaining uses these to measure distance

A

Metal tapes

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10
Q

How many feet is 2 chains?

A

100

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11
Q

What are two ways of determining direction?

A
  1. Magnetic compass; 2. GPS receiver
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12
Q

This method of determining direction is favored by many foresters

A

Magnetic compass

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13
Q

Are magnetic compasses cheap and simple to use for determining direction?

A

Yes

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14
Q

This method of determining direction is used for higher accuracy

A

GPS receiver

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15
Q

Is GPS use supplanting magnetic compasses?

A

Yes

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16
Q

There are two main systems for surveying these in the United States

A

Land parcels

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17
Q

This system for surveying land parcels uses natural landmarks for delineation

A

Metes and bounds

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18
Q

Who originated the metes and bounds system?

A

English

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19
Q

The metes and bounds systems was historically used here

A

Thirteen colonies

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20
Q

This system for surveying land parcels was established by Congress in 1785

A

Public Land Survey System

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21
Q

What are the _ basic units of the Public Land Survey System?

A
  1. Township; 2.
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22
Q

What size is a township?

A

36 square miles (6 x 6 miles)

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23
Q

How many sections is a township divided into?

A

36 sections (1 x 1 miles each)

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24
Q

What are smaller sections a township can be divided into?

A

Quarters or smaller parcels

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25
Q

Townships are located using these

A

Coordinates

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26
Q

The “township” of a township is determined by this coordinate

A

North-south

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27
Q

The range of a township is determined by this coordinate

A

East-west

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28
Q

T and R coordinates use these lines to survey land

A

Principal meridians and baselines

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29
Q

How many acres are in a section?

A

640

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30
Q

What are four types of information that forest maps provide?

A
  1. Property boundaries; 2. Size/location of forest stands; 3. Stand properties; 4. Surface features
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31
Q

What are three examples of stand properties that forest maps can describe?

A

Age, species composition, density

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32
Q

What are three examples of surface features that can be on forest maps?

A

Roads, streams, utilities

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33
Q

Maps are made using these two types of information

A

Remote sensing and field data

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34
Q

What are two types of remote sensing imagery?

A
  1. Aerial photos; 2. Satellite images
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35
Q

What are four types of information about a forest that can come from remote sensing imagery?

A
  1. Stand area; 2. Tree species composition; 3. Timber volume; 4. Forest health
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36
Q

What are three types of information about forests can be gained from infrared photos?

A
  1. Species identification; 2. Soil moisture; 3. Vegetation stress
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37
Q

What are _ types of timber surveys?

A
  1. Strategic surveys; 2. Management-oriented surveys; 3. Timber appraisals
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38
Q

These timber surveys are extensive and low intensity

A

Strategic surveys

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39
Q

These timber surveys are used for a broad picture of overall forest

A

Strategic surveys

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40
Q

What are strategic surveys used for?

A

To established broad management and use policies

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41
Q

Which group often uses strategic surveys?

A

USFS Forest Inventory and Monitoring Survey

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42
Q

This type of timber survey requires data on specific forests

A

Management-oriented survey

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43
Q

What are four inventories on standing timber taken by management-oriented surveys?

A
  1. Timber quantity; 2. Timber quality; 3. Age; 4. Location
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44
Q

In management-oriented surveys, this is needed to make forest projections

A

Growth increment

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45
Q

In management-oriented surveys, this is often surveyed

A

Reproduction

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46
Q

This type of timber survey requires very specific data and is very intensive

A

Timber appraisal

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47
Q

What is the main purpose of timber appraisal?

A

Assessing sale value of forest land/timber

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48
Q

Timber appraisals require precise measure of how many trees in a forest?

A

Many or all trees

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49
Q

What are _ types of tree measurement?

A
  1. Diameter; 2. Basal area; 3. Height; 4. Volume; 5. Age and growth increment;
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50
Q

This diameter is most common

A

Diameter at breast height (DBH)

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51
Q

What is the standard DBH?

A

4.5 feet

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52
Q

What are two accurate tools used in measuring diameter?

A

D-tape and calipers

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53
Q

What is a ‘quick and dirty’ tool used in measuring diameter?

A

Biltmore stick

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54
Q

Measuring DBH provides this type of diameter

A

Diameter outside bark

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55
Q

This tool is used to measure bark depth

A

Bark gauge

56
Q

This measurement is the stem area at 4.5’

A

Basal area

57
Q

What are the typical units for basal area?

A

Square feet/acre

58
Q

What are two simple tools used to estimate basal area?

A

Angle gauge and wedge prism

59
Q

What are the two different tree height measurements?

A

Total height and merchantable height

60
Q

This is the smallest diameter at the top of the tree that a mill will buy

A

Merchantable height

61
Q

Who sets merchantable height?

A

Local markets

62
Q

What are two tools used to measure tree height?

A

Hypsometer and height pole

63
Q

This type of tree measurement cannot be measured directly

A

Volume

64
Q

What two measurements are needed to calculate tree volume?

A

Diameter and height

65
Q

Many of these have been published for tree volume measurement

A

Equations and tables

66
Q

What are the two types of tree volumes?

A

Total and merchantable volume

67
Q

What are three units used in tree volume measurement?

A

Board feet, cubic feet, weight (usually tons)

68
Q

How is tree age assessed?

A

Count of growth rings

69
Q

The width of recent rings determines this

A

Growth increment

70
Q

Do conifers or hardwoods have more distinct rings that are easier to age in the field?

A

Conifers

71
Q

This tool is used to extract increment cores

A

Borer

72
Q

What forest/stand aspect can forest sampling estimate?

A

Volume

73
Q

What are two ways that forests are sampled?

A

Fixed-plot and variable plot sampling

74
Q

This type of forest sampling uses sets of plots of fixed dimension

A

Fixed-plot sampling

75
Q

What is the typical plot area?

A

0.1-0.2 acres

76
Q

What are three plot shapes that can be used in fixed-plot sampling?

A

Square, rectangle, circle

77
Q

In fixed-plot sampling, which trees are sampled within a plot?

A

All trees

78
Q

This type of forest sampling is also called point sampling

A

Variable plot sampling

79
Q

The probability of a tree being sampled is proportional to this

A

Size of the tree

80
Q

Does variable-plot sampling tally more large or small trees?

A

Large trees

81
Q

What is the advantage of variable-plot sampling?

A

A good estimate can be acquired by sampling fewer trees

82
Q

What kind of tools determine which trees to sample in variable-plot sampling?

A

Optical tools

83
Q

What are the two arrangements of sample plots?

A
  1. Random sample; 2. Systematic sampling
84
Q

In this sample plot arrangement, plot location is completely random

A

Random sampling

85
Q

This type of random sampling randomly assigns plots to different stand types

A

Stratified random sampling

86
Q

In this sampling arrangement, plots fall on a rectilinear grid

A

Systematic sampling

87
Q

Can systematic sampling be biased?

A

Yes

88
Q

These two types of data are essential for forest management and are taken periodically on most stands

A

Growth and yield

89
Q

This is the timber volume at a given time

A

Yield

90
Q

This is the volume change over time

A

Growth

91
Q

These types of plots are set aside for collecting growth data

A

Permanent plots

92
Q

What are the four components of forest growth?

A
  1. Ingrowth; 2. Survivor growth; 3. Mortality; 4. Cut
93
Q

This is the volume of new trees

A

Ingrowth

94
Q

This is the volume change of surviving trees

A

Survivor growth

95
Q

This is the volume of trees that died

A

Mortality

96
Q

This is the volume of harvests

A

Cut

97
Q

What is the equation for net growth?

A

Net growth = Ingrowth + survivor growth - mortality - cut

98
Q

This quantifies the potential of a site for growing forest

A

Site index

99
Q

What does site index measure?

A

The mean height of dominant/codominant trees for a species at a specific base age

100
Q

What type of stands is site index used for?

A

Even-aged stands

101
Q

This is related to rotation length

A

Index age

102
Q

What are two types of data needed to quantify site index for a stand?

A
  1. Height/age data; 2. Published site index curves
103
Q

What is stand growth and site quality information used for?

A

Growth projection

104
Q

These are created to project current stands to a future date

A

Growth and yield

105
Q

What are _ things that growth and yield models are used for?

A
  1. Finding optimal rotation; 2. Assessing effective management treatments;
106
Q

This is the theory and practice of controlling forest to meet management goals

A

Silviculture

107
Q

What six forest attributes is silviculture used to control?

A
  1. Establishment; 2. Growth rate; 3. Species composition; 4. Health/vitality; 5. Product quality; 6. Aesthetics
108
Q

What are five goals silviculture is used to meet?

A
  1. Timber; 2. Wildlife habitat; 3. Water quality; 4. Range production; 5. Scenery
109
Q

Silviculture is based on understanding of these three aspects

A
  1. Tree silvics; 2. Ecological succession; 3. Effect of disturbance
110
Q

What are _ types of forest stands?

A
  1. Even-aged; 2. Uneven-aged
111
Q

In this type of forest stand, all trees are roughly the same age?

A

Even-aged stand

112
Q

Where do even-aged stands occur?

A

Where disturbance is frequent and large scale

113
Q

What type of species are found in even-aged stands?

A

Early successional species

114
Q

How are even-aged stands classified?

A

By development stage

115
Q

These stands are often very dense

A

Young stands

116
Q

Young stands will naturally do this with age

A

Self-thin

117
Q

What type of canopy do young stands develop?

A

Uniform

118
Q

Do young stands have much vertical stratification?

A

No

119
Q

At what stage does wood production maximize?

A

Mature

120
Q

These tree crowns emerge above the canopy

A

Dominant

121
Q

These tree crowns comprise the canopy layer

A

Codominant

122
Q

These tree crowns are under the canopy layer

A

Intermediate

123
Q

These tree crowns are well under the canopy

A

Suppressed/overtopped

124
Q

This type of forest stand has trees of many different ages

A

Uneven-aged stands

125
Q

Where do uneven-aged stands occur?

A

Where disturbance is infrequent and small-scale

126
Q

What type of species are in uneven-aged stands?

A

Late successional species

127
Q

Do uneven-aged stands develop less uniform crowns?

A

Yes

128
Q

This type of stratification is good for wildlife

A

Vertical stratification

129
Q

In uneven-aged stands, is wood production roughly constant each year?

A

Yes

130
Q

What are _ types of silvicultural methods?

A
  1. Stand improvement methods
131
Q

These are applied between regeneration and harvest

A

Stand improvement methods

132
Q

What is another name for stand improvement methods?

A

Intermediate treatments

133
Q

What are four forest aspects that stand improvement methods improve?

A

Composition, growth, health, quality

134
Q

This type of intermediate treatment frees desirable trees from competition

A

Release cut

135
Q
A

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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