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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 6: Forest Ecosystem Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Forest Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Energy flow goes from this to this

A

High quality sunlight to low quality heat

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2
Q

Ecological efficiency averages about this much

A

10%

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3
Q

This is the rate at which producers convert light to chemical energy

A

Primary productivity

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4
Q

This is the total rate of energy fixation

A

Gross primary productivity

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5
Q

This is GPP minus producer respiration and is the energy available to the rest of the ecosystem

A

Net primary productivity

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6
Q

NPP = GPP - this

A

Plant respiration

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7
Q

What percent of sunlight is NPP?

A

1-2%

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8
Q

Among forest biomes, which have the highest NPP?

A

Tropical forests

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9
Q

What are six constraints on leaf-level photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); Air/soil temperatures; Available water; Humidity; CO2 concentration; Nutrients

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10
Q

What nutrient in particular is a constraint on leaf-level photosynthesis?

A

Nitrogen

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11
Q

What is actual evapotranspiration?

A

Actual water lost to evaporation and transpiration

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12
Q

Does actual evapotranspiration increase with increase in temperature?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Does actual evapotranspiration decrease with increase in moisture?

A

No

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14
Q

This measures the total area of leaves

A

Leaf area index

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15
Q

This increases leaf area index

A

Light deficit

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16
Q

This lowers leaf area index

A

Water/nutrient deficit

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17
Q

These describe movements of chemicals through an ecosystem

A

Nutrient cycles

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18
Q

What are the two components of nutrient cycles?

A

Pools and fluxes

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19
Q

These store nutrients for some period

A

Pools

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20
Q

These are movements of nutrients between pools

A

Fluxes

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21
Q

This is the time nutrients spend in a pool

A

Residence time

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22
Q

What are four types of nutrient inputs?

A

Wet/dry atmospheric deposition; Mineral weathering; Nitrogen fixation; Nutrient mineralization

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23
Q

What are two sources of nitrogen fixation?

A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and lightning

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24
Q

What is a source of nutrient mineralization?

A

Release from SOM

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25
Q

What are four types of nutrient outputs?

A

Erosion, leaching, volatilization, and harvesting/deforestation

26
Q

What are three pools in the forest carbon cycle?

A

Atmosphere, living biomass, SOM

27
Q

What are four fluxes in the forest carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis, trophic interactions, mortality/litterfall, respiration

28
Q

What are three pools in the forest nitrogen cycle?

A

Atmosphere, living biomass, soil nitrogen

29
Q

What are five fluxes in the forest nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilation, and ammonification

30
Q

These forest trees have high nutrient needs and high uptake, and create nutrient-rich biomass/litter

A

Broadleaf trees

31
Q

What types of soils result from broadleaf forests?

A

Fertile soils with high nutrient retention

32
Q

These forest trees have low nutrient needs and low uptake, and create nutrient-poor litter and biomass

A

Conifer trees

33
Q

What types of soils result from conifer trees?

A

Infertile soils with low nutrient retention

34
Q

This experiment cleared a watershed of vegetation for 3 years and monitored stream water chemistry for the following decade

A

Hubbard Brook Experiment

35
Q

This describes the temporal changes in species makeup for a community

A

Ecological succession

36
Q

What are two qualities of changes in ecological succession?

A

Directional and repeatable

37
Q

What are three stages of ecological succession?

A

Pioneer community, climax community, and seral stage (sere)

38
Q

What is a pioneer community?

A

Initial assemblage of species

39
Q

What are six qualities of pioneer species?

A

Good dispersers; Poor competitors; Fast growing; Small-bodied; Fast-maturing; Low shade tolerance

40
Q

What is a climax community?

A

Final equilibrium species assemblage

41
Q

Unless disturbed, a climax community is this

42
Q

What are five qualities of climax species?

A

Poor dispersers; Good competitors; Slow growing; Large bodied; High shade tolerance

43
Q

What is a seral stage (sere)

A

Intermediate or transitory stage of succession

44
Q

This is a complete sequence of seres

45
Q

What are the two main types of succession?

A

Primary succession and secondary succession

46
Q

In this type of succession, there are species changes on new substrates

A

Primary succession

47
Q

These are three examples of primary succession substrates

A

Bare rock, sand dunes, and lava fields

48
Q

Pioneer species are important for this process

A

Pedogenesis

49
Q

What is the typical time scale for pedogenesis to climax?

A

100-1000 years

50
Q

In this type of succession, there are species changes where disturbance has reset a sere to an earlier stage

A

Secondary succession

51
Q

What are four examples of disturbance that lead to secondary succession?

A

Fire, flood, hurricane, land use

52
Q

During early and mid stages, photosynthesis is greater than this process

A

Respiration

53
Q

At climax, what is photosynthesis in relation to respiration?

54
Q

During early/mid stages, what happens to total forest biomass?

A

Total forest biomass rises

55
Q

At climax, what happens to total forest biomass

A

Total forest biomass stabilizes

56
Q

This peaks during mid-succession and declines toward climax

57
Q

This reaches equilibrium at climax

58
Q

During succession, this increases until it maximizes at climax

A

Nutrient retention

59
Q

What four soil properties increase during secondary succession?

A

Soil depth; Soil nitrogen; Soil water, SOM

60
Q

What three soil properties decrease during secondary succession?

A

Soil phosphorus; Soil pH; Bulk density of soil

61
Q

In the Hubbard Brook Experiment, this led to recovery of nutrient retention

A

Revegetation

62
Q

In the Hubbard Brook Experiment, how long did it take for nutrient exports to equal the control watershed?

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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