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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 4: Forest Ecophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Forest Ecophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What two disciplines does ecophysiology combine?

A

Physiology and ecology

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2
Q

What is the main focus of ecophysiology?

A

Whole-organism function

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3
Q

What does ecophysiology address evolutionarily?

A

Adaptations to specific environments

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4
Q

What are six areas of focus in ecophysiology?

A

Thermoregulation, energetics, nutrition, gas exchange, water/osmotic balance, stress responses

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5
Q

What are two ways that ecophysiology extends beyond organism level?

A

By modeling ecosystem behavior and predicting human impacts

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6
Q

What are three examples of elements of tree anatomy?

A

Structure/function of leaves, stems, roots

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7
Q

What are two examples of elements of tree physiology?

A

Seasonal responses and stress/resource availability responses

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8
Q

Leaves fix radiant energy to this

A

Chemical form

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9
Q

What are the raw materials of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 and H2O

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10
Q

What is the glucose product of photosynthesis stored as?

A

Sucrose and starch

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11
Q

This photosynthesis byproduct is essential for life

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

Photosynthesis reactions occur in this part of the leaf

A

Mesophyll

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13
Q

Mesophyll cells contain these for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

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14
Q

Chloroplasts contain these pigments

A

Chlorophyll

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15
Q

What are the two wavelengths of visible light that chlorophyll absorbs the most?

A

Blue (400-500nm) and red (600-700nm)

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16
Q

In photosynthesis, absorbed light drives this process

A

Sugar synthesis

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17
Q

These structures in leaves regulate gas exchange

A

Stomata

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18
Q

This gas enters the leaf via stomata

A

CO2

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19
Q

This enzyme fixes CO2 into acid form

A

Rubisco

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20
Q

Carbon exits the leaf as this

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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21
Q

What leaf structure does carbon exit as glucose?

A

Vein

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22
Q

Mesophyll must be this in order for photosynthesis to occur

A

Saturated

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23
Q

H2O enters the leaf as liquid via these

A

Leaf veins

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24
Q

In what form does H2O exit leaves through the stomata?

A

Vapor

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25
Q

What is the process of leaf vapor exiting leaves through stomata called?

A

Transpiration

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26
Q

What two functions does transpiration serve?

A

Pulling water up from roots and cooling hot leaves.

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27
Q

These are cells that surround the apertures of stomates and can open and close

A

Guard cells

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28
Q

What 4 stimuli do guard cells respond to?

A

Light, humidity, CO2, root hormones

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29
Q

Stomata must be this in order to allow CO2 into leaf and to pull water up from soil

A

Open

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30
Q

Is the water gradient across stomata usually greater than the CO2 gradient?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Can open stomata lead to high water losses?

A

Yes

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32
Q

What percent of water taken up through plants is transpired?

A

90%

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33
Q

In what type of environment are stomata tightly controlled?

A

Dry environments

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34
Q

Are outer, exposed leaves more sinused than inner leaves?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Leaves in cooler, temperate environments have this type of leaf margin

A

Toothed

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36
Q

Leaves in warmer, tropical sites have this type of leaf margin

A

Entire

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37
Q

Primary forest leaves have this type of leaf margin

A

Entire

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38
Q

Secondary forest leaves have this type of leaf margin

A

Toothed

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39
Q

To reduce wind damage, larger leaves are often this

A

Compound

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40
Q

Does leaf size decrease with increased moisture and fertility?

A

No

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41
Q

Does leaf size decrease with increasing light and elevation?

A

Yes

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42
Q

Does leaf thickness increase with decreasing rain?

A

Yes

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43
Q

Does leaf thickness increase with increasing light and elevation?

A

No

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44
Q

Do smaller leaves tend to be simple leaves?

A

Yes

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45
Q

What are two characteristics of stomata in dry climates?

A

Recessed and fewer

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46
Q

Do sun leaves typically have less area?

A

Yes

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47
Q

Do sun leaves typically have shallower sinuses?

A

No

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48
Q

Do sun leaves typically have greater thickness?

A

Yes

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49
Q

Do sun leaves typically have shorter palisade cells?

A

No

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50
Q

Do sun leaves typically have more stomates?

A

No

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51
Q

Do sun leaves typically have more rubisco?

A

Yes

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52
Q

Do shade leaves typically have less area?

A

No

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53
Q

Do shade leaves typically have greater thickness?

A

No

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54
Q

Do shade leaves typically have reduced sinuses?

A

Yes

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55
Q

Do shade leaves typically have greater chlorophyll concentration?

A

Yes

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56
Q

Do shade leaves typically have more stomates?

A

Yes

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57
Q

What type of chlorophyll do shade leaves have more of?

A

Chlorophyll B

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58
Q

What wavelength of light are shade leaves adapted to absorbing?

A

Blue

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59
Q

On trees, a trunk is also known as this

A

Bole

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60
Q

This is lignified xylem vessels

A

Wood

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61
Q

This is a tough polymer of cell walls

A

Lignin

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62
Q

What two things does lignin provide?

A

Strength and decay resistance

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63
Q

Most of a tree is this type of cells

A

Dead cells

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64
Q

What are the two types of wood in boles?

A

Heartwood and sapwood

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65
Q

This type of wood is a core of dead xylem cells infused with resins and oils

A

Heartwood

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66
Q

What two things do resins protect wood against?

A

Decay and insects

67
Q

What two properties do resins give to wood?

A

Color and odor

68
Q

This type of wood is a cylinder of living cells around the heartwood

A

Sapwood

69
Q

What two types of vascular tissue make up sapwood?

A

Xylem and phloem

70
Q

What is the purpose of xylem?

A

To conduct water from roots to leaves

71
Q

Gymnosperms have only this type of xylem cells

A

Tracheids

72
Q

What two types of xylem cells do angiosperms have?

A

Vessels and tracheids

73
Q

What is the purpose of phloem?

A

To conduct photosynthesized sugars away from leaves

74
Q

What type of phloem cells do gymnosperms have?

A

Sieve cells

75
Q

What type of phloem cells do angiosperms have?

A

Sieve tubes

76
Q

These are plant tissues associated with growth

A

Meristems

77
Q

These meristems are located at the tip of a stem/branch

A

Apical meristems

78
Q

What type of growth do apical meristems create?

A

Longitudinal

79
Q

What is another name for longitudinal growth in plants?

A

Primary growth

80
Q

What plant organ do apical meristems create?

A

New buds/leaves

81
Q

These are apical meristems found on stem/root tips

A

Stem meristems

82
Q

These stem meristems form thin cylinders of dividing cells around stems/branches

A

Lateral meristems

83
Q

What type of growth do lateral meristems create?

A

Secondary growth

84
Q

What are the two types of cambium in lateral meristems?

A

Vascular and cork cambium

85
Q

What does vascular cambium give rise to?

A

Vascular tissues

86
Q

In vascular cambium, which way does xylem grow?

A

Inward

87
Q

In vascular cambium, which way does phloem grow?

A

Outward

88
Q

Where is cork cambium found?

A

Outside vascular cambium

89
Q

What two types of tissue does cork cambium produce?

A

Cork and bark

90
Q

What are two functions of bark?

A

Water conservation and protection

91
Q

Lateral growth of woody tissues creates these

A

Growth rings

92
Q

Growth rings occur in regions with these

A

Distinct growing seasons

93
Q

This type of wood growth represents periods of rapid lateral growth

A

Earlywood

94
Q

What is another name for earlywood?

A

Spring wood

95
Q

This type of wood growth represents periods of slowed lateral growth

A

Latewood

96
Q

What does latewood contain high concentrations of?

A

Resins

97
Q

What is another name for latewood?

A

Summer wood

98
Q

Are earlywood or latewood growth bands wider and lighter in color?

A

Earlywood

99
Q

Are earlywood or latewood growth bands narrower and darker in color?

A

Latewood

100
Q

This is the study of tree rings to date periods of time

A

Dendrochronology

101
Q

What are the two types of tree form?

A

Excurrent and decurrent

102
Q

What are five physical characteristics of excurrent trees?

A

Trunk continuous to the top; Many small lateral branches; Slender silhouette; Multi-layered canopy; Regular-spaced large leaves

103
Q

What are four physical characteristics of decurrent trees?

A

Trunk split into lateral branches; Umbrella-shaped silhouette; Monolayer canopy; Regular-spaced large leaves

104
Q

Which tree form is more shade tolerant and common in late succession?

A

Decurrent

105
Q

Which tree form performs better in open environments?

A

Excurrent

106
Q

What are the two types of tree roots?

A

Woody and non-woody

107
Q

What are three physical characteristics of woody roots?

A

Large, perennial, have growth rings

108
Q

What are two functions of woody roots?

A

Provide root system framework/support and carb storage

109
Q

What are three physical characteristics of non-woody roots?

A

Small, fleshy/pliable/soft, and have root hairs

110
Q

What are two other terms for non-woody roots?

A

Feeder or fine roots

111
Q

What is the function of non-woody roots?

A

Water/nutrient uptake

112
Q

Where are most non-woody roots found in the soil?

A

Upper few inches of soil

113
Q

These meristems are tissues of cell growth at root tip

A

Root apical meristems

114
Q

This protects the root apical meristem

A

Root cap

115
Q

What are the three zones of root tips?

A

Zone of division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation/maturation

116
Q

This root tip zone is where newly formed cells grow in length

A

Zone of elongation

117
Q

This root tip zone is where secondary walls form and root hairs develop

A

Zone of differentiation/maturation

118
Q

This root tip zone is a region of meristematic tissue with rapidly dividng cells

A

Zone of division

119
Q

These are extensions of root epidermis that develop in the zone of differentiation

A

Root hairs

120
Q

What is the function of root hairs?

A

To increase surface are for water/mineral absorption

121
Q

How long do root hairs survive?

A

2-3 weeks

122
Q

This is a thin cylinder of dividing cells around all roots

A

Vascular cambium

123
Q

Vascular cambium arises from this thin tissue layer in roots

A

Pericycle

124
Q

What are three things produced by the vascular cambium in roots?

A

Xylem, phloem, side roots

125
Q

This is the vascular cylinder in root meristems

A

Stele

126
Q

What are three types of root systems?

A

Tap root, heart root, flat root

127
Q

In this root system, one large central root extends down from main trunk, with lateral roots extending from it

A

Tap root

128
Q

What are three examples of trees with tap root systems?

A

Hickory, walnut, white oak

129
Q

In this root system, multiple primary roots extend laterally from the trunk, attach to numerous secondary roots, and grow mostly horizontally

A

Heart root

130
Q

What are three examples of trees with heart root systems?

A

Red oak, sycamore, pines

131
Q

In this root system, obvious primary roots are lacking, and roots grow and spread laterally

A

Flat root

132
Q

What are four examples of trees with flat root systems?

A

Birch, spruce, maple, cottonwood

133
Q

What are two common myths about tree roots?

A

That roots grow deep and do not extend past drip line

134
Q

What are five environmental challenges that trees respond to?

A

Seasonal variations in climate; Chronic resource shortages; Variation in resource availability; Climate change; Changes in atmospheric chemistry

135
Q

What are three ways trees respond to warm-cold seasonal variations?

A

Deciduousness, cold hardiness, and changes in cell chemistry

136
Q

Why do trees drop leaves?

A

To conserve water

137
Q

What are three changes tree cells make in response to warm-cold seasonal variation?

A

Losing water, gaining sugar, changing proteins

138
Q

What are two cues for trees to adapt to warm-cold seasonal variation?

A

Light and temperature

139
Q

This adaptation to seasonal variation decreases a plant’s lethal temperature over the winter, and is reversed with onset of spring

A

Cold hardiness

140
Q

What are three adaptations of trees to wet-dry seasonal variation?

A

Deciduousness, photosynthetic bark, water storage tissues recharge

141
Q

What are three adaptations of trees to chronic light shortage?

A

Leaf form/biochemistry plasticity; Adventitious buds that break in presence of light; Slow growth

142
Q

What are two types of variation in water availability that affect trees?

A

Drought and flood anoxia

143
Q

What are four tree responses to drought?

A

Stomata closure from the release of root hormones in dry soils; Deep taproots; Cells become more hypertonic to draw in water; Early leaf drop

144
Q

What are two tree responses to flood anoxia?

A

Switching to fermentation; aerial roots from stem

145
Q

How will many tree species have to respond to climate change (2 degree C rise by 2100)?

A

Shift range 200 miles north

146
Q

What will a 200 mile north range shift require species to do?

A

Disperse 1-3 miles per year

147
Q

Which type of forests are most at risk from climate change?

A

Cool northern forests

148
Q

If climate change is slow, what will happen to cool northern forests?

A

They will be displaced by southern species

149
Q

If climate change is rapid, what will happen to cool northern forests?

A

They will be replaced by grasslands

150
Q

What are three other examples of forest types that are at risk from climate change?

A

Maple-beech, aspen-birch, spruce-fir

151
Q

What are four risks that will rise with climate change?

A

Fire, drought, pests, diseases

152
Q

By what percentage may burned areas increase with climate change?

A

25-50%

153
Q

In some forests, modest temperature increases may raise this

A

NPP

154
Q

More extreme temperature increases will do this to NPP

A

Reduce

155
Q

Higher NPP from climate change will reduce this

A

Stream flow

156
Q

More disturbance caused by climate change will reduce this

A

Water quality

157
Q

What are three tree responses to higher CO2?

A

Rise in NPP; Rise in optimal growth temperatures; Reduced water loss

158
Q

Are trees C3 or C4 plants?

A

C3

159
Q

What is NOx found in?

A

Fossil fuel emissions

160
Q

This acts as a fertilizer and may boost NPP

A

Nitrogen deposition

161
Q

NOx does this to soil

A

Acidification

162
Q

What are three things that happen due to soil acidification?

A

Nutrients leach; Toxic elements loosen; Microbial activity is reduced

163
Q

This rises with warmer temperatures

A

Ground-level ozone

164
Q

This is a strong oxidant that kills tissue and stunts plant growth

A

Ozone

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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