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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 7: Landscape Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Landscape Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

This discipline addresses the relation of spatial variation to ecological processes

A

Landscape ecology

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2
Q

What are four focuses of landscape ecology?

A

Spatial landscape structure; Relationship between patterns and processes; Landscape formation processes; Effect of human activity on landscapes

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3
Q

These are spatially heterogeneous land areas

A

Landscapes

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4
Q

Of what are landscapes comprised?

A

Mosaic of interacting ecosystems

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5
Q

Landscapes vary in this

A

Spatial structure

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6
Q

What are the two basic components of landscapes?

A

Composition and configuration

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7
Q

This landscape component describes the types of landscape elements

A

Composition

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8
Q

This landscape component describes the size, shape, and arrangement of elements

A

Configuration

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9
Q

What are the two types of landscape elements?

A

Patches and mosaics

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10
Q

This is a homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings

A

Patch

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11
Q

What are four ways that patches can be quantified?

A

Number, size, shape, configuration

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12
Q

This is a spatial mix of patches

A

Mosaic

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13
Q

This landscape metric is the contribution of an element to the total area

A

Total patch cover

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14
Q

This landscape metric is the middle size of landscape elements

A

Median patch size

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15
Q

This landscape metric is the number of patches per area

A

Patch density

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16
Q

What shape is a patch if S=1?

A

Circular

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17
Q

What shape is a patch if S > 1?

A

Elongated

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18
Q

What is the equation for patch shape?

A

S = P / 2√𝜋A

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19
Q

These are the borders between adjacent ecosystems/patches

A

Boundaries

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20
Q

This is the ecosystem near the perimeter of a patch

A

Edge

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21
Q

This is the interior of a patch

A

Core

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22
Q

This is a transitional area between ecosystems

A

Ecotone

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23
Q

What are the two types of edge?

A

Inherent and induced

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24
Q

From what does inherent edge arise?

A

Differences in soils and landforms

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25
Q

From what does induced edge arise?

A

Disturbance

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26
Q

Which type of edge is relatively stable?

A

Inherent edge

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27
Q

Which type of edge is relatively transient?

A

Induced edge

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28
Q

What does edge contrast describe?

A

Transition between elements

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29
Q

Do small or large patches have more edge than core?

A

Small

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30
Q

Do irregular or square patches have more edge?

A

Irregular

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31
Q

These are effects of adjacent patches on habitat

A

Edge effects

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32
Q

What four forest conditions increase at edge?

A

Light, temperature, wind, noise

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33
Q

What two forest conditions decrease at edge?

A

Moisture and humidity

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34
Q

Are edge habitats less complex?

A

No

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35
Q

Do edge habitats support higher species richness?

A

Yes

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36
Q

This is a measure of landscape continuity

A

Connectivity

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37
Q

These are elements that link similar habitats

A

Corridors

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38
Q

This is the dominant element in a landscape

A

Matrix

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39
Q

What are six factors of landscape pattern creation?

A

Surface geology; Geomorphical processes; Topography; Natural disturbances; Animal activities; Human activities

40
Q

What are three examples of surface geology processes that create landscape patterns?

A

Tectonic uplift; Volcanism; Sedimentation

41
Q

This is the study of landforms

A

Geomorphology

42
Q

This is the removal of material from the surface

A

Denudation

43
Q

What are three types of denudation?

A

Weathering, erosion, mass wasting

44
Q

This is how species change from lower to higher elevations

A

Altitudinal zonation

45
Q

These two topographical effects impact microclimate and soils

A

Slope and aspect

46
Q

This is the rate of incline of a landform

A

Slope

47
Q

This is the direction a landform faces

A

Aspect

48
Q

Altitude zonates species similarly to this

A

Latitude

49
Q

Disturbance removes this

A

Biomass

50
Q

What are three types of disturbances that can remove biomass?

A

Fire, floods, windstorms

51
Q

What are three factors of disturbance regimes that determine how they affect landscape mosaics?

A

Frequency, intensity, and severity

52
Q

What are six ways that animals can affect landscape generation?

A

Pollination; Seed dispersal; Pests; Disease vectors; Burrowing/wallowing; Vegetation removal

53
Q

These animals play myriad roles in landscape generation and outbreaks can have large scale effects

A

Insects

54
Q

These are organisms that create, maintain, or modify habitats

A

Ecosystem engineers

55
Q

These ecosystem engineers modify habitats via their own physical structure and are “self-creating”

A

Autogenic engineers

56
Q

What are two examples of autogenic engineers?

A

Trees and corals

57
Q

These ecosystem engineers modify their habitat by changing the structure of materials

A

Allogenic engineers

58
Q

What are three examples of allogenic engineers?

A

Beavers, termites, elephants

59
Q

How much of the planet’s ice-free surface have humans altered?

A

50%

60
Q

What are six ways humans have altered landscapes?

A

Urbanization, agriculture, channeling, drainage, right-of-ways (roads, powerlines, pipelines, etc.), forestry

61
Q

This is the reduction of continuous habitat into fragments

A

Habitat fragmentation

62
Q

Does patch number increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?

A

Increase

63
Q

Does patch size increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?

A

Decrease

64
Q

Does patch isolation increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?

A

Increase

65
Q

Does patch edge increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?

A

Increase

66
Q

Does core habitat increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?

A

Decrease

67
Q

How much of tropical forests in 10 countries has been lost to deforestation?

A

75%

68
Q

How much tropical forest has been lost in Brazil to deforestation?

A

30%

69
Q

What are four activities that have rapidly depleted Brazilian forests?

A

Large-scale ranching; Subsistence farming; Logging; Industrial farming

70
Q

These forests have had the highest historical deforestation

A

Temperate forests

71
Q

Forests used to cover this entire region and extended westward via river valleys

A

Eastern U.S.

72
Q

By what year were most eastern U.S. forests logged?

A

1920

73
Q

For what purpose were national forests established?

A

Timber reserves for logging

74
Q

What are three ways humans impact forests?

A

Deforestation, fire management, and forest management

75
Q

Deforestation rate in this region has slowed

A

Amazon

76
Q

This continent has lost much of its tropical forests

A

Africa

77
Q

In tropical forests, this is as much of a problem as the actual deforestation

A

Fragmentation

78
Q

Fragmentation from deforestation greatly impacts this type of habitat

A

Core habitat

79
Q

Land is often deforested in this pattern

A

Herringbone

80
Q

Fire suppression alters this

A

Species composition

81
Q

Fire suppression leads to this

A

Fuel accumulation

82
Q

Fire suppression leads to increased risk of these

A

Large fires

83
Q

This region has had large fires because of suppression

A

Baja/Southern California

84
Q

This form of fire management impacts landscape patterns

A

Controlled burning

85
Q

This type of forest management removes forest cover

A

Clear cutting

86
Q

Clear cutting is not the same thing as this

A

Tree ‘mining’

87
Q

In what country does most ‘tree mining’ happen?

A

Russia

88
Q

Clear cuts vary in these three aspects

A

Size, shape, spacing

89
Q

Small, irregular harvests create a landscape that is this

A

More ‘natural’

90
Q

Harvest rotation affects this aspect of a forest

A

Forest age

91
Q

What are two things on which rotation timelines depend?

A

Tree species and use

92
Q

Forest plantations are these, with greatly reduced species diversity

A

Monocultures

93
Q

These are similar to pine plantations

A

Natural pine forests

94
Q

In natural forests, this weeds out weaker individuals and prevents other species from invading

A

Competition

95
Q

These have the worst impact in forests

A

Forest roads

96
Q

Forest roads do this to the landscape

A

Fragment

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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