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Forest Ecology & Management > Chapter 7: Landscape Ecology > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Landscape Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

This discipline addresses the relation of spatial variation to ecological processes

A

Landscape ecology

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2
Q

What are four focuses of landscape ecology?

A

Spatial landscape structure; Relationship between patterns and processes; Landscape formation processes; Effect of human activity on landscapes

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3
Q

These are spatially heterogeneous land areas

A

Landscapes

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4
Q

Of what are landscapes comprised?

A

Mosaic of interacting ecosystems

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5
Q

Landscapes vary in this

A

Spatial structure

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6
Q

What are the two basic components of landscapes?

A

Composition and configuration

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7
Q

This landscape component describes the types of landscape elements

A

Composition

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8
Q

This landscape component describes the size, shape, and arrangement of elements

A

Configuration

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9
Q

What are the two types of landscape elements?

A

Patches and mosaics

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10
Q

This is a homogeneous area that differs from its surroundings

A

Patch

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11
Q

What are four ways that patches can be quantified?

A

Number, size, shape, configuration

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12
Q

This is a spatial mix of patches

A

Mosaic

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13
Q

This landscape metric is the contribution of an element to the total area

A

Total patch cover

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14
Q

This landscape metric is the middle size of landscape elements

A

Median patch size

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15
Q

This landscape metric is the number of patches per area

A

Patch density

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16
Q

What shape is a patch if S=1?

A

Circular

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17
Q

What shape is a patch if S > 1?

A

Elongated

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18
Q

What is the equation for patch shape?

A

S = P / 2√𝜋A

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19
Q

These are the borders between adjacent ecosystems/patches

A

Boundaries

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20
Q

This is the ecosystem near the perimeter of a patch

A

Edge

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21
Q

This is the interior of a patch

A

Core

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22
Q

This is a transitional area between ecosystems

A

Ecotone

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23
Q

What are the two types of edge?

A

Inherent and induced

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24
Q

From what does inherent edge arise?

A

Differences in soils and landforms

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25
From what does induced edge arise?
Disturbance
26
Which type of edge is relatively stable?
Inherent edge
27
Which type of edge is relatively transient?
Induced edge
28
What does edge contrast describe?
Transition between elements
29
Do small or large patches have more edge than core?
Small
30
Do irregular or square patches have more edge?
Irregular
31
These are effects of adjacent patches on habitat
Edge effects
32
What four forest conditions increase at edge?
Light, temperature, wind, noise
33
What two forest conditions decrease at edge?
Moisture and humidity
34
Are edge habitats less complex?
No
35
Do edge habitats support higher species richness?
Yes
36
This is a measure of landscape continuity
Connectivity
37
These are elements that link similar habitats
Corridors
38
This is the dominant element in a landscape
Matrix
39
What are six factors of landscape pattern creation?
Surface geology; Geomorphical processes; Topography; Natural disturbances; Animal activities; Human activities
40
What are three examples of surface geology processes that create landscape patterns?
Tectonic uplift; Volcanism; Sedimentation
41
This is the study of landforms
Geomorphology
42
This is the removal of material from the surface
Denudation
43
What are three types of denudation?
Weathering, erosion, mass wasting
44
This is how species change from lower to higher elevations
Altitudinal zonation
45
These two topographical effects impact microclimate and soils
Slope and aspect
46
This is the rate of incline of a landform
Slope
47
This is the direction a landform faces
Aspect
48
Altitude zonates species similarly to this
Latitude
49
Disturbance removes this
Biomass
50
What are three types of disturbances that can remove biomass?
Fire, floods, windstorms
51
What are three factors of disturbance regimes that determine how they affect landscape mosaics?
Frequency, intensity, and severity
52
What are six ways that animals can affect landscape generation?
Pollination; Seed dispersal; Pests; Disease vectors; Burrowing/wallowing; Vegetation removal
53
These animals play myriad roles in landscape generation and outbreaks can have large scale effects
Insects
54
These are organisms that create, maintain, or modify habitats
Ecosystem engineers
55
These ecosystem engineers modify habitats via their own physical structure and are "self-creating"
Autogenic engineers
56
What are two examples of autogenic engineers?
Trees and corals
57
These ecosystem engineers modify their habitat by changing the structure of materials
Allogenic engineers
58
What are three examples of allogenic engineers?
Beavers, termites, elephants
59
How much of the planet's ice-free surface have humans altered?
50%
60
What are six ways humans have altered landscapes?
Urbanization, agriculture, channeling, drainage, right-of-ways (roads, powerlines, pipelines, etc.), forestry
61
This is the reduction of continuous habitat into fragments
Habitat fragmentation
62
Does patch number increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?
Increase
63
Does patch size increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?
Decrease
64
Does patch isolation increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?
Increase
65
Does patch edge increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?
Increase
66
Does core habitat increase or decrease with habitat fragmentation?
Decrease
67
How much of tropical forests in 10 countries has been lost to deforestation?
75%
68
How much tropical forest has been lost in Brazil to deforestation?
30%
69
What are four activities that have rapidly depleted Brazilian forests?
Large-scale ranching; Subsistence farming; Logging; Industrial farming
70
These forests have had the highest historical deforestation
Temperate forests
71
Forests used to cover this entire region and extended westward via river valleys
Eastern U.S.
72
By what year were most eastern U.S. forests logged?
1920
73
For what purpose were national forests established?
Timber reserves for logging
74
What are three ways humans impact forests?
Deforestation, fire management, and forest management
75
Deforestation rate in this region has slowed
Amazon
76
This continent has lost much of its tropical forests
Africa
77
In tropical forests, this is as much of a problem as the actual deforestation
Fragmentation
78
Fragmentation from deforestation greatly impacts this type of habitat
Core habitat
79
Land is often deforested in this pattern
Herringbone
80
Fire suppression alters this
Species composition
81
Fire suppression leads to this
Fuel accumulation
82
Fire suppression leads to increased risk of these
Large fires
83
This region has had large fires because of suppression
Baja/Southern California
84
This form of fire management impacts landscape patterns
Controlled burning
85
This type of forest management removes forest cover
Clear cutting
86
Clear cutting is not the same thing as this
Tree 'mining'
87
In what country does most 'tree mining' happen?
Russia
88
Clear cuts vary in these three aspects
Size, shape, spacing
89
Small, irregular harvests create a landscape that is this
More 'natural'
90
Harvest rotation affects this aspect of a forest
Forest age
91
What are two things on which rotation timelines depend?
Tree species and use
92
Forest plantations are these, with greatly reduced species diversity
Monocultures
93
These are similar to pine plantations
Natural pine forests
94
In natural forests, this weeds out weaker individuals and prevents other species from invading
Competition
95
These have the worst impact in forests
Forest roads
96
Forest roads do this to the landscape
Fragment

Forest Ecology & Management (11 decks)

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