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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9 Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Adenoma

A

Tumor composed of glandular tissue

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2
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands

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3
Q

Adrenal

A

Pertaining to the adrenal glands

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4
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Deficiency of calcium in the blood

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5
Q

Glucogenesis

A

Formation of glucose

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6
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Greater than normal amount of glucose in the blood; associated most frequently with diabetes mellitus

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7
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammatory condition of the pancreas

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8
Q

Parathyroidectomy

A

Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands

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9
Q

Thymoma

A

Tumor of the thymus gland

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10
Q

Thyromegaly

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

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11
Q

Thyroidectomy

A

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland

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12
Q

Toxicologist

A

Specialist in the study of poisons or toxins

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13
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst as a symptom of disease or psychological disturbance

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14
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in the size of an organ; due to an increase in the size of the cells of an organ - as in a carcinoma

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15
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Produced by the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), it acts upon the kidneys in order to increase water absorption

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16
Q

Oxytocin

A

Produced by the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis), it acts upon the uterus to stimulate uterine contractions for labor. It also acts upon the breasts and promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands

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17
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), it acts on the adrenal cortex to promote secretions of it, especially cortisol

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18
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), it acts on the ovaries to secrete estrogen as well as stimulate egg production and it acts on the testis to stimulate sperm production

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19
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) - or Somatotropin

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), it acts on various tissues to stimulate somatic growth; also increases use of fats for energy

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20
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), it acts on the ovaries to promote ovulation and secretion of estrogen & progesterone. Also acts on testes to promote testosterone secretion

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21
Q

Prolactin

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), it acts on the breasts to promote lactation

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22
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Produced by the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), it acts on the thyroid gland and stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

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23
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by the thyroid gland, it helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood

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24
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothryronine (T3)

A

Produced by the thyroid gland, it increases energy production from all food types & increases protein synthesis

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25
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

Produced by the parathyroid glands, it acts on bones to increase reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood. It acts on the kidneys to increase calcium absorption and phosphate excretion. It acts on the small intestine to increase absorption of calcium and phosphate.

26
Q

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

A

Produced by the adrenal glands, it promotes gluconeogenesis, regulates metabolism, and helps depress inflammatory and immune responses

27
Q

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

A

Produced by the adrenal glands, it acts on the kidneys to increase blood levels of sodium and decrease levels of potassium

28
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Produced by the adrenal glands, secretes these as well as ovaries and testes

29
Q

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

A

Produced by the adrenal glands, they act on the sympathetic nervous system to regulate metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vasoconstriction as well as vasodilation

30
Q

Glucagon

A

Produced by the pancreas, it increases the conversion of glycogen into glucose in liver, and conversion of other nutrients into glucose to be released into blood stream

31
Q

Insulin

A

Produced by the pancreas, it acts on tissue cells to promote transport of glucose into cells and converting glucose to glycogen

32
Q

Addison Disease

A

Relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones; results when adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied (usually by an autoimmune process in which circulating adrenal antibodies slowly destroy the gland)

33
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol or adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood

34
Q

Diabetes

A

General term that when used alone refers to diabetes mellitus, which generally occurs in two types

35
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Caused by failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, usually abrupt in onset and diagnosed in children & young adults; also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

36
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Due to the body’s deficiency in producing enough insulin, or the body’s cells are resistant to insulin action; usually gradual in onset and diagnosed in adults over forty; also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

37
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia

38
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Abnormal protrusion of eyeball(s); may be due to thyroxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulitis, leukemia, or aneurysm

39
Q

Graves Disease

A

Multi-system autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid associated with hypersecretion of thyroxine

40
Q

Insulinoma

A

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans; pancreatic tumor

41
Q

Myxedema

A

Advanced hypothyroidism in adults resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland; affects body fluids, causing edema and increasing blood volume, increasing blood pressure

42
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity

43
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla

44
Q

Pituitarism

A

Any disorder of the pituitary gland and its function

45
Q

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan

A

radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays, which rotates in a full arc around the patient to image the body in cross-sectional slices. A scanner and detector send the images to a computer, which consolidates all of the data it receives from the multiple x-ray views

46
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body

47
Q

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) Test

A

Imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after administration of radioactive iodine either orally (po) or intravenously (IV)

48
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy

A

Oral administration or injection of synthetic hormones to replace a hormone deficiency, such as of estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone

49
Q

Acidosis

A

Too much acid in the body, resulting from an accumulation of acid or from the depletion of alkaline reserves

50
Q

ADA

A

A diabetic diet

51
Q

BS

A

blood sugar

52
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances which dissolve to form ions in solution and acquire the capacity to conduct electricity

53
Q

Glycemic

A

Pertaining to, relating to sweetness or sugar

54
Q

Glycosuria

A

The presence of abnormal amounts of sugar in the urine

55
Q

Humulin L

A

L = Lente; Human insulin (recombinant DNA origin) zinc suspension. Used for treating diabetes

56
Q

Humulin R

A

Insulin Regular (short-acting form), used to treat diabetes

57
Q

Ketones

A

Chemical substances that the body makes when it does not have enough insulin in the blood

58
Q

Metabolically

A

Relating to metabolism - whole range of biochemical processes which occur in a living organism, primarily anabolism - building up substances, and catabolism - breaking down substances

59
Q

Polyuria

A

Production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine

60
Q

WNL

A

Within normal limits

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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