Chapter 9: Emotion in Relationships and Society Flashcards
Emotional Episode Sharing
up to 96% of emotional episodes are shared
most share on the same day (60%)
Attachment
a lasting emotional bond between the individual and a few regular caregivers, and leads to a desire to have the person around, turning to them when threatened, and security and comfort when experiencing novel things with them around
6-9mo
Internal Working Model
when in pain, does the person come to help, do nothing, or are they inconsistent
Why 6-9mo?
Best guess: crawling has a dire need for the caregiver to assist in navigation
Ainsworth and Bowlby’s Strange Situation (6)
- the child is allowed to play with the caregiver in an unfamiliar room filled with toys
- the stranger engages with the infant and parent
- the parent leaves the room for a few minutes, then returns for a few minutes
- they both leave the room
- the stranger returns to play with the child
- the caregiver returns
Harlow’s Study
young animals need a secure base to explore, but nothing smothering and nothing too avoidant
Feldman’s Study
infants have alternating withdrawal and alertness period, and are most responsive when the caregiver can notice these cues
fathers given oxytocin played more, touched more, and were more attentive to these shifts
at the end, the both the father and the child’s oxytocin levels were elevated
Oxytocin
a role in bond forming, skin to skin contact releases it, and it is produced by the birthing parent during contractions and breastfeeding
Separation distress
being separated from the caregiver causes a sudden drop in endorphins
D’Amato’s Study
mice without the mu endorphin receptor cried.a lot less than those with the receptor when taken from their mothers
Barr’s Study
rhesus macaques with enhanced function of the mu endorphin receptor cried longer, louder, and preferred their mother even in the presence of other monkeys
DeWall’s Study
high doses of acetaminophen can cause rejection to hurt less, but it also depresses reactions to positive emotions
Types of Attachment (3)
Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, Avoidant/Anxious-Avoidant
Secure
show distress when the parent leaves, not thoroughly consoled by the stranger, easily soothed when parent returns
65% of children
Anxious-Ambivalent
show hesitance even with the parent with novelty, don’t explore, and cling to the parent after they’ve left and are harder to console
Avoidant
explore on their own, no relief when the caregiver returns
cortisol and heartrate are usually elevated despite calm behaviour
Disorganised Attachment
the child is always in distress, even with the caregiver
Aron’s Study
people tend to incorporate their partner into themselves; self-expansion
differences are put on the backburner and there is an overestimation of how similar they are
Stages of Romantic Attachment
First: passionate love
Second: compassionate love
Mikulincer’s Study
flashing cards; secure recognised threat words, avoidant recognised neutral words, and anxious picked proximity words
Hazan + Shaver’s Study
paragraphs were made to demonstrate what secure, anxious, and avoidant relationships looked like in adults and the percentage is roughly the same
Dimensions of Attachment
- anxiety dimension: negative or positive view of self worth and desirability as a person
- avoidance dimension: positive or negative thoughts about people
Fraley + Shaver’s Study
higher anxiety: more upset about departure @ airport
higher avoidance: less physical contact + more avoidance behaviours
Carter
animals with long-term pair bonding release more oxytocin and have more vasopressin receptors during sex than counterparts
External Psychopathology
impulsivity, rule breaking, violent tendencies, etc
basically actions taken because of psych
Correlation Over Time
correlation was 0.31 for infant type and adult relationship
Simpson et al’s Study
developmental trajectory (4)
- security, social competence, secure relationship w friends, and emotions in romantic relationships
Social Baseline Theory
when with friends, you associate them as having bioenergetic resources!! hill looks smaller, shock less painful, etc
Marriage Stats
- 20+ when married
- 2 caregivers each
- Dated for a long time
- Didn’t move in together
- Good income
- of the same religious affiliation (and are religious in the first place)
- Have sex often and arguments rarely
- Approx same age and same attitude
Love Lab Study
couples were separated, talked about their day, then had a conflict conversation
- Suppression led to divorce 14 years down the line (low positive emotions and high skin conductance)
- Expression of negative emotions led to divorce 7 years down the line w 84% accuracy
Gottman’s 4
criticism, defensiveness, contempt, stonewalling
Positivity resonance
positive synchronised nonverbal affiliation cues
reports of feeling good
IBI linkage
Caring for Others (3)
Sympathy (concern attention), compassion, and personal distress
Eisenberg’s study
elementary school kids and college kids watched a video about a mother and her children, where one had been in a car accident, and they were asked to help
- higher regulated attention/behaviour report less personal distress and an activation of the parasympathetic nervous system
Nurturant Love
desire to caregive to enhance the wellbeing of what is perceived as a helpless, vulnerable, and/or young being
- faster heart rate
Emotional empathy
feeling what another person is feeling (physio and psych)
Buffering effect
closer friendships and being female are correlated with basically blocking out some of the negative impact of stressors
Gratitude
experienced when someone does something that is unexpectedly nice and doesn’t expect the person receiving it to return it
- showing gratitude may invite the giver to do more
Embarrassment
felt when one violates a social norm, attracting unwanted social attention
- can diffuse a situation
- blushing!
Pride
the emotion you feel when you accept credit for causing a positive outcome that supports a positive aspect of your self-concept
- chest out, head high, hands over head sometime
- pride displays = more likeable
