Chapter 1: What Are Emotions and Why Do We Have Them? Flashcards
Cognitive
how emotions interact with thought processes
Social
how emotions impact relationships with people
Personality
study systematic differences between people in terms of emotions
Emotion (4 aspects!)
Cognitive appraisal
Physiological changes
Behaviour
Feelings
Emotional Assumptions
emotions are functional, and driven by a stimulus, without the four components, one doesn’t have a complete emotion
James-Lange Theory
event → cognition → physiological changes & behaviour → feeling
the physiological changes and behaviour are the main component of this theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
event → physiological changes + behaviour, appraisal, and feelings
Feeling, behaviour, and appraisal are independent and simultaneously happening, and are the main components of this theory
Schachter-Singer Theory
Physiological change → identify likely event → cognitive appraisal → feelings and behaviour
the appraisal is the primary aspect of this theory
Schacter-Singer Experiment
The happy-angry groups and the epinephrine shot; many confounds with the study and the data is hard to interpret
Dutton & Aron’s Experiment
Men crossing the 2 bridges and told to call the experiment back by an attractive woman; also many confounds
Basic/Discrete Emotions Theory
event → appraisal → “emotion” → observable behaviour
emotions refer to physiological changes, action tendencies, and feelings
Basic/Discrete Emotions (Package)
they evolved from prototypical threats to ancestral humans, and that these emotions are naturally occurring in humans
Basic/Discrete Emotions (Evolution)
If this is true, then it should transcend cultures, be built in, emotions should appear early in life, and each emotion should be physiologically distinct (have a profile of effects/package)
Russell’s Circumplex Model
Emotions form a circle defined by the dimensions of pleasantness (valence) and arousal
Core Affect
Refers to whatever is the primary emphasis of a model; e.g. for the multidimensional models, feeling is the core affect
Evaluative Space model
positive and negative affect are independent rather than ends on the same spectrum
Barrett’s Psychological Construction Model
We are part of a culture that holds a set of core values. We use those values to interact with institutions, classrooms, other people, etc, which in turn creates psychological changes that feed back into that loop (if people change, culture changes, if culture changes, people change)
Component Process Model
emotions are responses to the environment and hold some universality across cultures, but the cognitive appraisal is the most important affect of the model
Component Process Model (Modal)
includes modal states, which look like base emotions and likely evolved from earlier ancestry, and have categories like novelty, pleasantness, expectedness, certainty, goal conduciveness, controllability, and need for change
THINK OF THE COCKROACH!!!
Measuring emotions (
Self-reports, physiological measurements, behaviours
FACS
Facial Action Coding System; used to track facial movements of participants
Reliability (Scale)
Measured from 0-1
Validity (4 points!)
- Content of measure should match stated purpose
- Task must be required in a study that tests said task (can’t have a way to get around it)
- Subcomponents should relate positively with one another
- Scores should accurately predict a related outcome
EMA
Ecological Momentary Assessment, which is basically a pager that beeps and then you record your emotional experiences in the last few minutes
Commonalities Between Emotional Theories
- All contain nature AND nuture (though emphasised them to varying degrees)
- Emotions are functional in some way
- Appraisal is included with varying levels of importance
