Chapter 1: What Are Emotions and Why Do We Have Them?

Question 1

Cognitive

Answer 1

how emotions interact with thought processes

Question 2

Social

Answer 2

how emotions impact relationships with people

Question 3

Personality

Answer 3

study systematic differences between people in terms of emotions

Question 4

Emotion (4 aspects!)

Answer 4

Cognitive appraisal
Physiological changes
Behaviour
Feelings

Question 5

Emotional Assumptions

Answer 5

emotions are functional, and driven by a stimulus, without the four components, one doesn’t have a complete emotion

Question 6

James-Lange Theory

Answer 6

event → cognition → physiological changes & behaviour → feeling

the physiological changes and behaviour are the main component of this theory

Question 7

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 7

event → physiological changes + behaviour, appraisal, and feelings

Feeling, behaviour, and appraisal are independent and simultaneously happening, and are the main components of this theory

Question 8

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 8

Physiological change → identify likely event → cognitive appraisal → feelings and behaviour

the appraisal is the primary aspect of this theory

Question 9

Schacter-Singer Experiment

Answer 9

The happy-angry groups and the epinephrine shot; many confounds with the study and the data is hard to interpret

Question 10

Dutton & Aron’s Experiment

Answer 10

Men crossing the 2 bridges and told to call the experiment back by an attractive woman; also many confounds

Question 11

Basic/Discrete Emotions Theory

Answer 11

event → appraisal → “emotion” → observable behaviour

emotions refer to physiological changes, action tendencies, and feelings

Question 12

Basic/Discrete Emotions (Package)

Answer 12

they evolved from prototypical threats to ancestral humans, and that these emotions are naturally occurring in humans

Question 13

Basic/Discrete Emotions (Evolution)

Answer 13

If this is true, then it should transcend cultures, be built in, emotions should appear early in life, and each emotion should be physiologically distinct (have a profile of effects/package)

Question 14

Russell’s Circumplex Model

Answer 14

Emotions form a circle defined by the dimensions of pleasantness (valence) and arousal

Question 15

Core Affect

Answer 15

Refers to whatever is the primary emphasis of a model; e.g. for the multidimensional models, feeling is the core affect

Question 16

Evaluative Space model

Answer 16

positive and negative affect are independent rather than ends on the same spectrum

Question 17

Barrett’s Psychological Construction Model

Answer 17

We are part of a culture that holds a set of core values. We use those values to interact with institutions, classrooms, other people, etc, which in turn creates psychological changes that feed back into that loop (if people change, culture changes, if culture changes, people change)

Question 18

Component Process Model

Answer 18

emotions are responses to the environment and hold some universality across cultures, but the cognitive appraisal is the most important affect of the model

Question 19

Component Process Model (Modal)

Answer 19

includes modal states, which look like base emotions and likely evolved from earlier ancestry, and have categories like novelty, pleasantness, expectedness, certainty, goal conduciveness, controllability, and need for change

THINK OF THE COCKROACH!!!

Question 20

Measuring emotions (

Answer 20

Self-reports, physiological measurements, behaviours

Question 21

FACS

Answer 21

Facial Action Coding System; used to track facial movements of participants

Question 22

Reliability (Scale)

Answer 22

Measured from 0-1

Question 23

Validity (4 points!)

Answer 23

• Content of measure should match stated purpose
• Task must be required in a study that tests said task (can’t have a way to get around it)
• Subcomponents should relate positively with one another
• Scores should accurately predict a related outcome

Question 24

EMA

Answer 24

Ecological Momentary Assessment, which is basically a pager that beeps and then you record your emotional experiences in the last few minutes

Question 25

Commonalities Between Emotional Theories

Answer 25

• All contain nature AND nuture (though emphasised them to varying degrees)
• Emotions are functional in some way
• Appraisal is included with varying levels of importance