Chapter 11 Flashcards
Fear
a response to a specific perceived danger, either to oneself or a loved one
Anxiety
a general expectation that something bad might happen; ongoing sense of uncertainty/threat
Social anxiety
intense anxiety around social situation (especially having other’s attention on you)
Startle response
reaction to something sudden, where the muscles tense rapidly, the eyes close for a moment, and the shoulders pull up towards the ears, arms closer to the head
Startle potentiation
enhancement of the startle response when the situation is cued as frightening or unpleasant
- psychopaths don’t have this!`
Startle potentiation (how?)
information from the ears goes to the pons, medulla, and spinal cord
- takes less than 1/5 a second
Major Categories of Fears
social threats, physical threats (nonalive), and dangerous animals
Prepared learning
people are predisposed to fear certain things (or learn certain things) more than others because of evolution
Prepared learning (how??)
- amygdala receives input from vision, hearing, etc and sends it to the hippocampus to learn, the pons to tag/react, and the prefrontal cortex to think/interpret
- response mediated by pons reaction, as it is saying whether to tag or react to it
Anxiolytics
drugs that treat anxiety symptoms
an agonist
helps GABA
Positive Feedback Loop
output feeds back into the system to increase initial inputs, and tends to burn-out/lose steam because it requires constant input (symptoms emerge)
Negative Feedback Loop
output feeds back in to decrease initial inputs, and tends to stick (symptoms are maintained
Hostile aggression
aggression motivated by anger, with the intent to hurt someone
Instrumental aggression
aggression used to achieve something one wants
- more common
Anger Management Training (4)
cognitive restructuring
social skills training
exposure therapy
problem solving
Anger Difference
- blood vessels expand during anger!! :0
Core disgust
emotional response to an object that threatens your physical health
Moral disgust
emotional response caused by violations to moral code
Magic thinking
contamination being attributed to something that has factually not being contaminated
Secondary disgust
moral code being violated demonstrates the same response as core disgust
Food neophobia
fear of new food/tastes
Disgust (how??)
- insula activation
- parasympathetic + sympathetic activation for nausea and vomiting
- prone to disgust easily = higher neuroticism
Sadness (how??)
increased sympathetic activation before the loss is about to happen
decreased sympathetic activation after the loss
Guilt vs Shame
- guilt is more unstable, local, and focused on the event that occurred; more functional and productive on how to improve
- shame is more internal, global, and stable, focused on a perceived deficit in the self
Subjective well-being (4)
- high life satisfaction
- high positive affect
- low negative affect
- meaning, purpose, richness
Lykken et al’s Study
significant associations between happiness for identical twins but less for fraternal twins (0.4)
Smillie et al’s Study
participants were told to incorporate extraverted behaviour whether they were extraverted themselves or not; led to positive outcomes regardless
