Chapter 9 - Complex Cognitive Processes Flashcards
Define metacognition
knowledge about our own thinking
Discuss the 3 kinds of knowledge related to metacognition
declarative knowledge - about self as learner
- factors that influence learning + memory
- skills, strategies, resources needed to perform a task
Prodecural knowledge - know how to use strategies
Self-regulatory knowledge - to ensure completion of tasks
3 essential metacognitive skills
planning, monitoring, evaluating
Define learning strategies
Special kind of procedural knowledge - know how to approach learning tasks
Define production deficiencies
failing to activate a learning strategy - a production - when it is appropriate and useful to use the strategy
LINCS
List parts (identify vocabulary and key information)
Identify reminding words - word to remind student of vocabulary
Note a linking story
Create a linking picture
Self-test
Expert Reversal effect
What works for experts is the reverse of what works for beginners
Translation and schema training
direct instruction in schemas - demonstrations, modelling, think-alouds
worked examples
- reflect all stages of problem-solving
- identify problem, set goals, explore solutions, solve, evaluate outcome
schema-driven problem-solving
recognising a problem as a “disguised” version of an old problem for which one already has a solution
algorithm
- step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
- prescription for solutions
- tied to subject-area
heuristics
general strategy used in attempting to solve problems
Means-end analysis
Heuristics in which goal is divided into sub-goals
working-backwards strategy
start at goal, work backwards
Analogical thinking
heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand
Factors that hinder problem-solving
Functional fixedness - inability to use objects or tools in a new way
Response set-rigidity - tendency to respond in most familiar way
Availability heuristic - judge the liklihood of an event based on what is available in your memory
Confirmation bias - seek info that confirms our choices and beliefs, while disconfirming evidence
Belief perseverance - tendancy to hold onto beliefs even in face of contradictory evidence
Divergent thinking
coming up with many possible solutions
Convergant thinking
narrowing possibilities to a single answer
Best predictor of divergent thinking
fluency - number of different responses
Define flexibility in terms of cognitive process
the number of different categories of responses
sources of creativity
- domain-relevant skills
- creativity-relevant processes - work habbits, personality traits
- intrinsic task motivation - deep curiosity and fascination
Define brainstorming
generating ideas without screening them
- quantity may lead to quality
- borrow from ideas on the table
- encourage wild ideas
Mindful abscraction
Deliberate identification of a principle, main idea, strategy or procedure that can apply to many problems or situations
Overlearning
Practicing a skill past the point of mastery
Stages of transfer for strategy
- acquisition phase - receive instruction, rehearse, know when to use it
- retention - practice with feedback
- transfer - new problems to solve with some strategy
