Chapter 9 - Complex Cognitive Processes

Question 1

Define metacognition

Answer 1

knowledge about our own thinking

Question 2

Discuss the 3 kinds of knowledge related to metacognition

Answer 2

declarative knowledge - about self as learner

• factors that influence learning + memory
• skills, strategies, resources needed to perform a task

Prodecural knowledge - know how to use strategies

Self-regulatory knowledge - to ensure completion of tasks

Question 3

3 essential metacognitive skills

Answer 3

planning, monitoring, evaluating

Question 4

Define learning strategies

Answer 4

Special kind of procedural knowledge - know how to approach learning tasks

Question 5

Define production deficiencies

Answer 5

failing to activate a learning strategy - a production - when it is appropriate and useful to use the strategy

Question 6

LINCS

Answer 6

List parts (identify vocabulary and key information)
Identify reminding words - word to remind student of vocabulary
Note a linking story
Create a linking picture
Self-test

Question 7

Expert Reversal effect

Answer 7

What works for experts is the reverse of what works for beginners

Question 8

Translation and schema training

Answer 8

direct instruction in schemas - demonstrations, modelling, think-alouds

Question 9

worked examples

Answer 9

• reflect all stages of problem-solving

- identify problem, set goals, explore solutions, solve, evaluate outcome

Question 10

schema-driven problem-solving

Answer 10

recognising a problem as a “disguised” version of an old problem for which one already has a solution

Question 11

algorithm

Answer 11

• step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
• prescription for solutions
• tied to subject-area

Question 12

heuristics

Answer 12

general strategy used in attempting to solve problems

Question 13

Means-end analysis

Answer 13

Heuristics in which goal is divided into sub-goals

Question 14

working-backwards strategy

Answer 14

start at goal, work backwards

Question 15

Analogical thinking

Answer 15

heuristic in which one limits the search for solutions to situations that are similar to the one at hand

Question 16

Factors that hinder problem-solving

Answer 16

Functional fixedness - inability to use objects or tools in a new way
Response set-rigidity - tendency to respond in most familiar way
Availability heuristic - judge the liklihood of an event based on what is available in your memory
Confirmation bias - seek info that confirms our choices and beliefs, while disconfirming evidence
Belief perseverance - tendancy to hold onto beliefs even in face of contradictory evidence

Question 17

Divergent thinking

Answer 17

coming up with many possible solutions

Question 18

Convergant thinking

Answer 18

narrowing possibilities to a single answer

Question 19

Best predictor of divergent thinking

Answer 19

fluency - number of different responses

Question 20

Define flexibility in terms of cognitive process

Answer 20

the number of different categories of responses

Question 21

sources of creativity

Answer 21

• domain-relevant skills
• creativity-relevant processes - work habbits, personality traits
• intrinsic task motivation - deep curiosity and fascination

Question 22

Define brainstorming

Answer 22

generating ideas without screening them

• quantity may lead to quality
• borrow from ideas on the table
• encourage wild ideas

Question 23

Mindful abscraction

Answer 23

Deliberate identification of a principle, main idea, strategy or procedure that can apply to many problems or situations

Question 24

Overlearning

Answer 24

Practicing a skill past the point of mastery

Question 25

Stages of transfer for strategy

Answer 25

1. acquisition phase - receive instruction, rehearse, know when to use it
2. retention - practice with feedback
3. transfer - new problems to solve with some strategy