Chapter 12 - Motivation in Learning and Teaching Flashcards
Define intrinsic motivation
motivation associated with activities that are their own reward
- deep learning strategies, creativity, academic achievement
Define extrinsic motivation
Motivation created by external factors, such as rewards and punishments
- negative emotions, poor academic achievements, maladapted learning strategies
- benefits if incentivises students to try new things
four types of extrinsic motivation
external regulation - completely controlled by outside factors
introjected regulation - engaging to avoid guilt
identification (lack interest, but engaging to satisfy larger goal)
integrated regulation - interested + extrinsic reward
Behavioural approaches to motivation
Reward - attractive object or event supplied because of behaviour
Incentive - object or event that encourages behaviour (promise of )
Humanistic approach to motivation
Freedom of choice, self-determination & striving for personal growth
Cognitive approach to motivation
People viewed as curious, searching for info
- intrisic motivation - eg goals, expectations
Social cognitive theories
expectancy x value theories - exploration of motivation that emphasizes individual’s expectations for success, combined with value of goal
Sociocultural concepts of motivation
- we learn by the company we keep
- emphasizes participation, identities, interpersonal relations within communities of practice
legitimate peripheral participation - genuine involvement in the work of the group, even if abilities underdeveloped and contributions are small
Trait-like needs
achievement
power
affiliation
Defeciency needs
survival, safety, belonging, self-esteem
- when satisfied, motivation decreases
being needs
cognitive needs, asthetic needs, self-actualization
- when met, motivation increases
controlling environments increase performance on ____
rote recall tasks
To increase intrinsic motivation, event should not be
highly controlling
Why does goal-setting increase performance
- direct attention to task and away from distractors
- energize effort
- increase persistance
- promote dev of new knowledge and strategies when old ones fail
Define mastery goal
personal intention to improve abilities and learn, no matter how performance suffers - “get lost in your work”
performance goal
personal intention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of others
- “do things to look smart” - cheat, short cuts to finish quickly
Students persue performance and mastery goals at same time
Social goals
wide variety of needs and motives to be connected to others or as part of a group
define goal-framing
explain assignments as helping students meet intrinsic goals
Define goal acceptance
Students willing to commit to realistic, reasonably difficult, meaningful goals
Attribution theories
Description of how individuals’ explanations, justifications and excuses influence their motivation and behaviour
Three dimensions of success in attribution theory to school learning
locus - location of cause (internal or external)
- related to feeling of self-esteem
stability - related to future expectations
- eg if talent is stable, effort can change
controllability - emotions like anger, pity, gratitude, shame
- finding a teacher = controllable
- musical talent not controllable
What does intrinsic motivation rely on?
efficacy
control
self-determination
Learned helplessness causes deficits in …
motivation
cognition
affection
Describe mastery-oriented students
students focus on learning goals - value achievement, see ability to improve
- not fearful of failure - failure does not threaten their self-worth
- moderately difficult goals
- attribute success to own effort - self-efficacy
- persistentm successful learner
Describe failure-avoiding student
fixed view of ability
- take few risks to protect self-worth
- self-handicapping - avoid testing true ability
- leads to more failure, which decreases self-worth and therefore self-efficacy
- failure-accepting students
Impact of greater interest on student learning
greater interest -> more positive emotional responses to material -> greater persistence -> Deeper processing -> remembering material -> higher achievement
Define flow
mental state in which you are fully immersed in challenging task that is accompanied by high levels of concentration & involvement most likely when - learner understands the task - student has high self-efficacy - intrinsically motivated - control / autonomy
Higher levels of arousal are helpful for ___ tasks
simple
Lower levels of arrousal are helpful for _____ tasks
complex
