Chapter 12 - Motivation in Learning and Teaching

Question 1

Define intrinsic motivation

Answer 1

motivation associated with activities that are their own reward
- deep learning strategies, creativity, academic achievement

Question 2

Define extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Motivation created by external factors, such as rewards and punishments

• negative emotions, poor academic achievements, maladapted learning strategies
• benefits if incentivises students to try new things

Question 3

four types of extrinsic motivation

Answer 3

external regulation - completely controlled by outside factors
introjected regulation - engaging to avoid guilt
identification (lack interest, but engaging to satisfy larger goal)
integrated regulation - interested + extrinsic reward

Question 4

Behavioural approaches to motivation

Answer 4

Reward - attractive object or event supplied because of behaviour

Incentive - object or event that encourages behaviour (promise of )

Question 5

Humanistic approach to motivation

Answer 5

Freedom of choice, self-determination & striving for personal growth

Question 6

Cognitive approach to motivation

Answer 6

People viewed as curious, searching for info

- intrisic motivation - eg goals, expectations

Question 7

Social cognitive theories

Answer 7

expectancy x value theories - exploration of motivation that emphasizes individual’s expectations for success, combined with value of goal

Question 8

Sociocultural concepts of motivation

Answer 8

• we learn by the company we keep
• emphasizes participation, identities, interpersonal relations within communities of practice

legitimate peripheral participation - genuine involvement in the work of the group, even if abilities underdeveloped and contributions are small

Question 9

Trait-like needs

Answer 9

achievement
power
affiliation

Question 10

Defeciency needs

Answer 10

survival, safety, belonging, self-esteem

- when satisfied, motivation decreases

Question 11

being needs

Answer 11

cognitive needs, asthetic needs, self-actualization

- when met, motivation increases

Question 12

controlling environments increase performance on ____

Answer 12

rote recall tasks

Question 13

To increase intrinsic motivation, event should not be

Answer 13

highly controlling

Question 14

Why does goal-setting increase performance

Answer 14

• direct attention to task and away from distractors
• energize effort
• increase persistance
• promote dev of new knowledge and strategies when old ones fail

Question 15

Define mastery goal

Answer 15

personal intention to improve abilities and learn, no matter how performance suffers - “get lost in your work”

Question 16

performance goal

Answer 16

personal intention to seem competent or perform well in the eyes of others
- “do things to look smart” - cheat, short cuts to finish quickly
Students persue performance and mastery goals at same time

Question 17

Social goals

Answer 17

wide variety of needs and motives to be connected to others or as part of a group

Question 18

define goal-framing

Answer 18

explain assignments as helping students meet intrinsic goals

Question 19

Define goal acceptance

Answer 19

Students willing to commit to realistic, reasonably difficult, meaningful goals

Question 20

Attribution theories

Answer 20

Description of how individuals’ explanations, justifications and excuses influence their motivation and behaviour

Question 21

Three dimensions of success in attribution theory to school learning

Answer 21

locus - location of cause (internal or external)
- related to feeling of self-esteem

stability - related to future expectations
- eg if talent is stable, effort can change

controllability - emotions like anger, pity, gratitude, shame

• finding a teacher = controllable
• musical talent not controllable

Question 22

What does intrinsic motivation rely on?

Answer 22

efficacy
control
self-determination

Question 23

Learned helplessness causes deficits in …

Answer 23

motivation
cognition
affection

Question 24

Describe mastery-oriented students

Answer 24

students focus on learning goals - value achievement, see ability to improve

• not fearful of failure - failure does not threaten their self-worth
• moderately difficult goals
• attribute success to own effort - self-efficacy
• persistentm successful learner

Question 25

Describe failure-avoiding student

Answer 25

fixed view of ability

• take few risks to protect self-worth
• self-handicapping - avoid testing true ability
• leads to more failure, which decreases self-worth and therefore self-efficacy
• failure-accepting students

Question 26

Impact of greater interest on student learning

Answer 26

greater interest -> more positive emotional responses to material -> greater persistence -> Deeper processing -> remembering material -> higher achievement

Question 27

Define flow

Answer 27

mental state in which you are fully immersed in challenging task that is accompanied by high levels of concentration & involvement
most likely when 
- learner understands the task
- student has high self-efficacy
- intrinsically motivated
- control / autonomy

Question 28

Higher levels of arousal are helpful for ___ tasks

Answer 28

simple

Question 29

Lower levels of arrousal are helpful for _____ tasks

Answer 29

complex