Chapter 7 - Behavioural Views of Learning

Question 1

Define learning

Answer 1

process through which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behaviour (changes due to maturation are not learning; temporary change is not learning)
- internal, mental activity

Question 2

What do cognitive psychologists do?

Answer 2

• focus on change in knowledge

- interested in unobservable mental activities, e.g. thinking, remembering, solving problems

Question 3

Behavioural Learning Theories

Answer 3

Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the course of changes in observable behaviours

Question 4

Four learning processes of neuroscience of behavioural learning

Answer 4

• contiguity (association of two events because of repeated pairing)
• classical conditioning
• operant conditioning
• observed learning

Question 5

Aristotle’s contribution to neoroscience of behavioural learning

Answer 5

• we remember things together
• when they are similar
• when they contrast
• when they are contiguous

Question 6

Define contiguity

Answer 6

association of two events because of repeated pairing

Question 7

When stimulus occurs, the _____ will be remembered, too

Answer 7

response

Question 8

Define Stimulus

Answer 8

event that activates behaviour

Question 9

define response

Answer 9

observable reation to stimulus

Question 10

define classical conditioning

Answer 10

association of automatic responses with new stimulus

Question 11

define respondents

Answer 11

responses (generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by stimulus (specific stimuli)

Question 12

Neutral stimulus

Answer 12

stimulus not connected to a response

Question 13

unconditional stimulus

Answer 13

stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response

Question 14

unconditional response

Answer 14

no training needed, elicited automatically

Question 15

conditioned stimulus

Answer 15

stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning

Question 16

conditioned response

Answer 16

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

Question 17

operants

Answer 17

voluntary (goal-directed) behaviours emitted by person or animal

Question 18

operant conditioning

Answer 18

• learning in which voluntary behaviour is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents

Question 19

antecedents

Answer 19

events that precede an action

Question 20

B.F. Skiller developed concept of ___________

Answer 20

oparent conditioning

- discounted imagined constructs (meaning, expectations, needs, tensions)

Question 21

A-B-C

Answer 21

Antecedent - behaviour - consequence

• operant behaviour can be altered by changes in antecedent and consequences
• consequences determined to a great extent whether a person will repeat behaviour

Question 22

Positive reinforcement

Answer 22

strengthening behaviour by presenting a desired stimulus after the behaviour
- contingent presentation if a stimulus following a response

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

strengthening behaviour by removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus when behaviour occurs
- e.g. the buzzer stops when you fasten your seatbelt

Question 24

punishment

Answer 24

weakens or supresses behaviour

Question 25

Presentation Punishment

Answer 25

• decreases the chances that a behaviour will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behaviour

Question 26

Removal punishment

Answer 26

Decreasing the chances that a behaviour will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behaviour (type 2 punishment)

Question 27

continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 27

presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response

Question 28

intermittend reinforcement schedule

Answer 28

presenting a reinforcer after some bot not all responses

Question 29

interval schedule

Answer 29

length of time between reinforcers

Question 30

ratio schedule

Answer 30

reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers - can be fixed or variable (predictable)

Question 31

antecedent behaviour change

Answer 31

with operant conditioning, give info about positive and unpleasant consequences