Chapter 7 - Behavioural Views of Learning Flashcards
Define learning
process through which experience causes permanent change in knowledge or behaviour (changes due to maturation are not learning; temporary change is not learning)
- internal, mental activity
What do cognitive psychologists do?
- focus on change in knowledge
- interested in unobservable mental activities, e.g. thinking, remembering, solving problems
Behavioural Learning Theories
Explanations of learning that focus on external events as the course of changes in observable behaviours
Four learning processes of neuroscience of behavioural learning
- contiguity (association of two events because of repeated pairing)
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
- observed learning
Aristotle’s contribution to neoroscience of behavioural learning
- we remember things together
- when they are similar
- when they contrast
- when they are contiguous
Define contiguity
association of two events because of repeated pairing
When stimulus occurs, the _____ will be remembered, too
response
Define Stimulus
event that activates behaviour
define response
observable reation to stimulus
define classical conditioning
association of automatic responses with new stimulus
define respondents
responses (generally automatic or involuntary) elicited by stimulus (specific stimuli)
Neutral stimulus
stimulus not connected to a response
unconditional stimulus
stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response
unconditional response
no training needed, elicited automatically
conditioned stimulus
stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning
conditioned response
learned response to previously neutral stimulus
operants
voluntary (goal-directed) behaviours emitted by person or animal
operant conditioning
- learning in which voluntary behaviour is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents
antecedents
events that precede an action
B.F. Skiller developed concept of ___________
oparent conditioning
- discounted imagined constructs (meaning, expectations, needs, tensions)
A-B-C
Antecedent - behaviour - consequence
- operant behaviour can be altered by changes in antecedent and consequences
- consequences determined to a great extent whether a person will repeat behaviour
Positive reinforcement
strengthening behaviour by presenting a desired stimulus after the behaviour
- contingent presentation if a stimulus following a response
negative reinforcement
strengthening behaviour by removing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus when behaviour occurs
- e.g. the buzzer stops when you fasten your seatbelt
punishment
weakens or supresses behaviour
Presentation Punishment
- decreases the chances that a behaviour will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behaviour
Removal punishment
Decreasing the chances that a behaviour will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behaviour (type 2 punishment)
continuous reinforcement schedule
presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response
intermittend reinforcement schedule
presenting a reinforcer after some bot not all responses
interval schedule
length of time between reinforcers
ratio schedule
reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers - can be fixed or variable (predictable)
antecedent behaviour change
with operant conditioning, give info about positive and unpleasant consequences
